Screening refers to tests that are performed in asymptomatic people to detect different types of cancer.
Scientists have studied screening technologies to find the least harmful and most beneficial screening methods. Cancer screening trials also aim to confirm whether early detection (finding cancer before it produces symptoms) can help extend life or reduce the risk of dying from cancer. For some types of cancer, patients have a higher chance of recovery if they are detected and treated early.
There is no standard or routine screening method for esophageal cancer.
While there is no standard or routine screening for esophageal cancer, the following tests are being used or studied to screen for esophageal cancer:
Esophagoscopy
Esophagoscopy refers to the process of examining abnormal areas inside the esophagus. The esophagoscope is inserted through the oral or nasal cavity and then along the pharynx into the esophagus. An esophagoscope is a thin, self-contained tube with a light source and lens that can be used to see what is going on. It may also have tools to remove tissue samples, and subsequently, the specimen is examined for cancer with a microscope.
Esophagoscopy. A thin, luminous tube is inserted from the mouth into the esophagus to examine the abnormal area.
Biopsy
The removed cells or tissue are placed under the microscope and examined by a pathologist for signs of cancer. Biopsy tissue taken from several different areas of the lower esophagus has the potential to detect early Barrett’s esophagus. This test may be used in patients with risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus.
Brush cytology
A procedure in which cells are brushed from the lining of the esophagus and then placed under a microscope to see if they are abnormal. This test can potentially be performed during an esophagoscopy.
Balloon cytology
The process of collecting cells in the lining of the esophagus by having the patient swallow a constricted balloon. After the patient swallows the constricted balloon, the balloon is slowly inflated and pulled out of the esophagus. The esophageal cells in the balloon are observed under the microscope for abnormalities.
Staining endoscopy
The process of spraying dye into the esophageal lining during esophagoscopy. Increased staining in certain areas of the lining may be a symptom of early Barrett’s esophagus.
Fluorescence spectroscopy
A process in which a special light is used to visualize the lining tissue of the esophagus. A light probe is shone through the endoscope into the esophageal lining. The light emitted by the esophageal lining cells is then measured. Malignant tissue emits less light than normal tissue.
Clinical trials of esophageal cancer screening technology are currently underway.
Information about NCI-supported clinical trials can be found on the NCI’s Clinical Trials Search page. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.