What to do if the appendix cannot be found intraoperatively–for young general surgeons

                   During appendectomy, failure to find the appendix occurs in clinical work, and the surgeon should not be impatient and blindly close the abdomen. With patient search, it can usually be found. I. The causes are commonly the following: 1. The patient is obese and the incision is too small, resulting in poor exposure. The general surgery department of the 309th Hospital of the PLA, Zhang Bo. 2. bad anesthesia, the abdominal muscle is not relaxed, when the peritoneum is cut or the abdominal wall is pulled, the patient feels pain and agitation and bulging. 3. repeated episodes of appendicitis, the appendix cannot be found due to inflammatory adhesions; or the appendix atrophies and becomes small and loses its normal state, making it difficult to identify. 4. more intense inflammation of the appendix, wrapped by the large omentum, intestinal tube and fibrin, resulting in poor exposure. 5. Ectopic appendix: such as free appendix or incomplete intestinal rotation, resulting in the appendix not being found in the right lower abdomen. 7. Sigmoid colon is too long and located in the right lower abdomen or excessive prolapse of the transverse colon reaching the right lower abdomen, which is mistaken for the appendix because of the colonic band, resulting in the appendix not being found. Second, if the appendix cannot be found during appendectomy, we should search carefully and patiently, and solve the problem according to the above-mentioned factors, and never close the abdomen blindly. Especially for young surgeons, when the appendix cannot be found during the operation, it is easy to act impatiently, resulting in a more hectic operation. At this time, it is best to ask the assistance of experienced senior physicians, often easier to find the appendix, to avoid repeatedly turning the intestinal tube leading to postoperative intestinal adhesions, obstruction. There is also a simple method that can be tried: tilt the surgical bed to the left side by 15°, wrap the intestinal tube with gauze pad, pull the hook to the left side and look for the cecum along the right iliac recess; after finding the cecum, the appendix can be found along the confluence of the three colonic bands. For the above reasons, the following methods are proposed for reference: 1. If the patient is obese and the incision is too small, resulting in poor exposure, the incision should be extended appropriately. 2. If the anesthesia is poor and the relaxation of the abdominal muscles is poor, the anesthesia should be improved by giving an appropriate amount of adjuvant or adding a little local anesthesia before exposure. 3. In patients with repeated episodes of appendicitis or a history of perforation, most of the adhesions can be exposed after careful separation. The appendix can be exposed after careful separation of the adhesions. Even in an atrophied appendix, the fibrotic thickened wall and small lumen can be seen. If there is difficulty in identification, the appendix should be sent for pathological examination after excision in order to confirm the diagnosis.4. If the appendix with acute inflammation is heavily adhered and wrapped by the large omentum and intestinal canal, the adhesions should be carefully separated and the fibrin covering them should be peeled off, and the appendix can be found along the direction of the colonic zone. For inflammation and heavy adhesions of the greater omentum, a part of it can also be removed. If the intestinal adhesions and wrapping are tight, and the reluctant separation may cause intestinal rupture and perforation, the appendix may not be removed for the time being, and the abdomen can be closed after the abdominal cavity is drained, and the appendix can be removed in three to six months after the inflammation has subsided (if there are no symptoms, surgery is not necessary). 5. If the cecum is located outside the peritoneum, the appendix can be found by cutting the peritoneum on the outside of the cecum and turning the cecum up. 6. The appendix can be found by following the colonic band of the ascending colon downward. After appendectomy, the appendix should be fixed on the lateral peritoneum with several interrupted sutures. In case of incomplete intestinal rotation, the cecum and appendix are mostly located in the right upper abdomen, and the appendix can be found by extending the incision upward.7. If the overgrown sigmoid colon and the prolapsed transverse colon occupy the right lower abdomen, they can be put back into the abdominal cavity, and the right iliac recess can be re-exposed to find the ileocecal part and cecum, and the appendix can be found.