Parents all want their babies to be healthy, but sometimes things don’t go as planned and babies have problems. Some diseases often leave mothers and fathers in a dilemma, surgery, it is afraid that the baby is too young to withstand the torment of surgery, or to wait until the baby is older, stronger and safer surgery; not surgery, it is afraid to miss the opportunity to operate, the baby’s condition is delayed, causing lifelong regret. 1, the tongue tether is too short Tongue tether is commonly known as the tongue tendon, that is, a thin strip of tissue between the tongue and the bottom of the mouth. When the tongue tether is not long enough or attached too much in front, it is called “tongue tether short”, commonly known as “trip tongue”. The diagnostic criteria for a short lingual ligament are: the tongue cannot extend freely forward, even outside the mouth, and the tip of the tongue has a “v” shape when extended, and the lingual ligament is attached to the ventral part of the tongue near the tip of the tongue. The short lingual ligament restricts the movement of the tongue body, which can affect breastfeeding and sucking during infancy, and affects the baby’s pronunciation when he grows up, mainly affecting the pronunciation of tongue-palatal sounds and curled tongue sounds. Most experts believe that the best age for surgery is 4 1/2 to 5 weeks old. Because the baby can cooperate with the doctor at this time, and will not have an impact on the child’s future pronunciation, word recognition. 2, inflammation of the tonsils Tonsillitis in the light cases appear low fever, cough, throat discomfort; serious cases of high fever does not go away, shortness of breath, and even high fever convulsions. If the treatment is not timely, the inflammation can spread to the surrounding tissues, causing complications such as peri-tonsillar abscess, acute otitis media, and paranasal sinusitis. In addition, inflammation can spread to other organs via the bloodstream, causing inflammation and systemic pathological reactions in the baby, such as secondary rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease, acute nephritis and hypothermia with no apparent cause. In general, it is best not to perform tonsillectomy in children until they are 4 years old. Tonsillectomy should be considered in any of the following cases: (1) when the tonsils are extremely enlarged, affecting nose ventilation, pronunciation, inhalation and swallowing; (2) when chronic tonsillitis has recurrent acute attacks, 6 to 7 times a year, significantly affecting the baby’s physical development or daily life; (3) when there are already complications such as nephritis, rheumatism and arthritis, even if the number of attacks is small, surgery is necessary to remove the lesion; (4) when the tonsils (4) When there are tumors, stones, polypoid growths, cysts and other benign masses on the tonsils; (5) When there is a peri-tonsil abscess, even if it has occurred only once, it should be removed surgically. 3. Arterial ductus arteriosus is a tube between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which is an important pathway for fetal circulation. After birth, the ductus arteriosus is functionally closed and gradually closes anatomically to become an arterial ligament in most babies around 3 months after birth. This kind of children may have shortness of breath, excessive sweating and weakness, especially after exercise. In severe cases, feeding difficulties, recurrent whistling infections, pneumonia, infective endocarditis and heart failure occur during infancy, and growth and development often lag behind that of children of the same age. The best age for surgery for arteriovenous ductus arteriosus is generally between 3 and 6 years of age. If the ductus arteriosus is thin and the fractional flow is small, it may tend to heal itself before the age of 3. If the ductus arteriosus is thicker, the fractional flow is larger, and the symptoms are more serious, the surgery should be performed earlier. 4, hernia Hernia is also known as pediatric inguinal hernia. During the embryonic period, boys have a ventral femoral sheath in the groin that helps the testicles descend into the scrotum. After birth, incomplete closure of the sheath in some boys can lead to intestinal tubes and omentum in the abdominal cavity entering this sheath and forming a hernia. Hernias can occur days, months, or years after birth. Usually, after crying, movement, or defecation, the child will have a bulging mass in the groin, sometimes extending into the scrotum, which disappears on its own after bed rest or sleep. The main symptoms of pediatric hernia are: lower abdominal cramping, abdominal flatulence, abdominal pain, constipation, poor absorption function, easy fatigue and decreased physical fitness. Also, because the inguinal region is adjacent to the genitourinary system, the normal development of the reproductive system can be affected by the extrusion of the hernia. The intestinal canal or large omentum inside the hernia sac is prone to inflammatory swelling caused by extrusion or collision, resulting in difficulty in hernia retraction, leading to hernia impaction, causing severe abdominal pain and serious complications such as intestinal obstruction and intestinal necrosis, which may be life-threatening if not treated in time. Surgery is the best treatment for pediatric hernia. The best time for surgical treatment is between 1 and 6 years of age in the preschool stage, and there is no restriction on the age for emergency surgery. Since the abdominal muscles of infants can gradually get stronger as the body grows, hernias have the potential to heal themselves. Therefore, infants under 6 months of age can be left untreated and kept under observation for changes in their condition. If they are over 1 year old, most of them need to be treated if they do not heal by themselves at most until 3 years old. 5.Cryptorchidism If the testicles have not descended into the scrotum after 2 years old, cryptorchidism is formed. Cryptorchidism can affect the sperm production function of testicles and can lead to infertility in serious cases. This is because the testicles can only produce viable sperm in the scrotum. Usually, the testes are very delicate and sensitive to heat, and the temperature in the abdominal cavity is only 2℃~4℃ higher than that in the scrotum, it cannot stand it and it is easy to develop testicular epithelial atrophy. Moreover, due to the long-term influence of the higher temperature in the abdominal cavity, the testicular epithelial cells may also become malignant and form malignant tumors. In addition, the testicles that are not in normal position are susceptible to trauma or twisting, causing damage to the testicles. Bilateral cryptorchidism still has the possibility of natural descent within l2 months after the baby is born, so you can wait patiently. If the testicles are still not touched after 12 months of birth, you should seek help from a specialist and systematically apply endocrine treatment for 3-6 months, and you can mostly get satisfactory results. Patients with unsatisfactory treatment results should undergo bilateral testicular traction fixation at around two years of age. At present, it is believed that surgical treatment of cryptorchidism can be performed around 2 years of age, and beyond 5 to 10 years of age, it may affect the function of spermatozoa. Unilateral cryptorchidism is often combined with local anatomical abnormalities, and surgery can be considered directly. 6.Circumcision is a condition in which the foreskin covers the urethral opening, but can be turned over to reveal the urethral opening and the head of the penis. When babies are born, the foreskin is generally long, often covering the entire glans and urethral opening, which can not be called “prepuce”. If it is not circumcised, as the penis develops and grows, the head of the penis is exposed and the foreskin will naturally retract and it will not be long. If the foreskin is not effectively cleaned for a long time, it will stimulate the foreskin and glans, causing glansitis, foreskin stones and even penile cancer, and cervical cancer of the spouse after marriage is also closely related to it. Circumcision generally does not require surgical treatment, as long as the child does not have other symptoms, there is no need to rush treatment, can wait until the end of puberty development (18 to 20 years old). The following cases require circumcision: (1) the foreskin is too long or too tight to maintain local cleanliness, causing repeated inflammation of the foreskin; (2) the opening of the foreskin is too small, causing the trouble of urination, and even often soiled underwear, can consider circumcision; (3) the foreskin is often inflamed so that the opening of the foreskin is contaminated and the formation of the prepuce. The surgery is best performed before school age. If the best surgery period has been missed, the surgery can be arranged for school-age children during the summer vacation. Because the head of the penis loses its foreskin coverage after circumcision, there will be discomfort when the newly exposed head of the penis comes in contact with clothing and pants. In the summer, children can dress loosely to reduce the discomfort and even pain caused by clothes rubbing the head of the penis after the surgery. Therefore, summer is more suitable for the surgery.