1, smoking Smoking is the only internationally recognized behavioral risk factor for pancreatic cancer, 25% of pancreatic cancer can be attributed to smoking. The carcinogenic substances in tobacco can be absorbed by pancreatic tissues to produce harmful effects through blood gas exchange in the lungs or reflux in the duodenum of the digestive tract to the pancreas. The risk of pancreatic cancer in smokers is 2 to 3 times higher than that in non-smokers, and even 15 years after quitting smoking, there is still a risk of pancreatic cancer. The risk of pancreatic cancer from alcohol consumption has been controversial. A summary report shows that alcohol abuse in men increases the risk of pancreatic cancer, and other scholars found that alcohol increases the reactivity of the pancreas to cholinergic and pancreatic enzymes, secretes protein-rich pancreatic juice, increases the fragility of pancreatic lysosomal enzymes and the activity of pancreatic proteases, and gradually destroys the pancreatic parenchyma to develop cancer. Moreover, the toxic effect of acetaldehyde and the upregulation of inflammation and immune response also play a role in the process of pancreatic carcinogenesis. 3, diabetes A large number of studies have shown that diabetes is a powerful risk factor for pancreatic cancer, especially the new type of diabetes. Increased insulin activity and defective glucose transport in hyperglycemic states can promote pancreatic cancer-associated insulin resistance at the cellular level. Insulin resistance and subsequent hyperinsulinemia, a common phenomenon in the setting of diabetes and dyslipidemia, have been shown to be associated with the development of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. 4. Chronic pancreatitis The relationship between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer was noted by Mikal et al. as early as 1950, and many studies have found that the duration of chronic pancreatitis is related to the degree of mutation in the K-ras gene. In addition, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia can also lead to oxidative stress, which leaves the pancreas in a permanent inflammatory state and prone to malignant transformation. Studies have shown that pancreatitis with more than 3 years of history, older age of first presentation, pancreatic duct stones, pancreatic calcification and mass type are more prone to malignant transformation into pancreatic cancer. 5, chronic cholecystitis and cholecystectomy About 9-15% of adults worldwide suffer from gallstones, and more than 7 million cholecystectomies are performed in the United States every year. Foreign experiments have shown that cholecystectomy and lithotriptic acid diet can enhance the occurrence of 2-hydroxypropylamine-induced pancreatic cancer in hamsters. Others have suggested that the increased release of cholecystokinin after cholecystectomy may be responsible for the increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Bile contains carcinogenic factors, because bile can flow back to the pancreatic duct, and the pancreatic tissue is more sensitive to carcinogenic factors than the bile duct, so pancreatic cancer is far more common than bile duct cancer. 6, dyslipidemia Animal experiments show that a high-fat diet can cause physiological and morphological changes in the pancreas of rats. If a high-fat diet is combined with smoking, carbamylcholine and cholecystokinin, which are related to lipid metabolism, will promote the accumulation of nicotine in the pancreatic alveoli, and the synergistic effect of the two may induce pancreatic cancer. In a large prospective cohort study, animal foods high in fat (especially “red meat”) increased the risk of pancreatic cancer. In conclusion At the end of this article, we can answer your questions. All of the above are risk factors for pancreatic cancer development, such as chronic pancreatitis, post cholecystectomy, and diabetes. At the same time, controlling bad lifestyle such as smoking and alcohol abuse are effective measures to reduce the incidence of pancreatic cancer.