Since the beginning of winter, there has been an increase in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, which is characterized by sudden vision loss and visual field defects in the upper or lower half of the visual field. It occurs in middle-aged and elderly people, and often develops in both eyes successively, with an interval of several weeks, months or years. It is usually affected by hypertension, arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, increased blood viscosity, severe anemia, low blood pressure, increased intraocular pressure, and other factors. Clinically, it is divided into 2 categories: Non-arteritic: or atherosclerotic. Most commonly seen in patients aged 40-60 years and may be associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and other factors. Particularly nocturnal hypotension may play a role in the pathogenesis, especially in patients taking antihypertensive drugs. 25-40% of the other eye also develops the disease. Arteritic: less common than the former, it is mainly an ischemic optic neuropathy due to temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis, GCA), and is more common in 70-80 year olds. Its vision loss and optic disc edema are more obvious than the first type, and can occur in both eyes at the same time. If giant cell arteritis is suspected from symptoms, signs, or blood sedimentation, the temporal artery can be palpated for cords and tenderness, often without pulsation, and a temporal artery biopsy can be done to confirm the diagnosis. The diagnosis of this disease relies on the history, fundus manifestations and characteristic visual field defects, and can also be aided by fundus fluorescence angiography. Targeted tests, such as blood pressure monitoring, routine blood flow, blood rheology, blood sedimentation, carotid artery Doppler examination, etc., should be done to find the cause of the disease and to avoid the development of the contralateral eye. Treatment: 1. Treat the cause of the disease. 2. Early application of glucocorticosteroids can reduce ischemia-induced exudation and edema, but the effect on the whole body should be considered. 3.Lowering intraocular pressure, nutritive optic nerve drugs. 4, vasodilators and multivitamins. The use of vasodilators in the early stage of the disease should be cautious, some patients may have optic nerve edema will be aggravated. 5, phytomodulators: such as compound camphorine. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is a common disease, which is very harmful to visual function. Early and correct treatment may reduce visual field defects and avoid further loss of visual acuity. The treatment strives to discover the cause of the disease, differentiate the state of the optic nerve at the time of the patient’s visit to the clinic, develop an individualized treatment strategy for each patient, and flexibly apply the above medications to minimize the damage to the optic nerve as much as possible. Doctors and patients should realize that the treatment is not only for the affected eye, but also to protect the contralateral eye.