There are two aspects in the development of bladder tumor: intrinsic genetic factors and extrinsic environmental factors, among which environmental factors, i.e. external influences, are more important. Bladder tumor is closely related to gender, and the incidence rate is 2-10 times higher in men than women. What are the clinical manifestations of bladder cancer Intermittent painless hematuria is considered to be the typical symptom of bladder tumor. If the tumor is combined with infection, or if the tumor occurs in the bladder triangle, bladder irritation symptoms such as urinary frequency and urgency will appear earlier. In a few patients, due to large tumor, tumor growth in the bladder neck, or tumor bleeding forming blood clots, it may cause difficulty in urination and even urinary retention. What tests are needed to diagnose bladder cancer? 1.Urinal examination: including urine routine and urine exfoliation cytology examination; 2.Ultrasound scan: including bilateral kidney and bladder to find out whether there are lesions in the renal pelvis and ureter outside the bladder; 3.Urethrogram and intravenous pyelogram: its value is to exclude renal pelvis and ureteral tumor, and to know the size and location of bladder tumor; 4.Cystoscopy and tumor tissue biopsy. Biopsy: cystoscopy can visually observe the location, number and morphological stage of tumor in the bladder, and determine the nature of tumor through biopsy; 5.CT and MRI: it can observe the infiltration depth of bladder cancer and whether there is metastasis of pelvic lymph nodes, which is important for deciding the surgical plan. What are the treatment methods of bladder cancer? Recently, bladder tumors are divided into two categories: non-muscle infiltrating (superficial) tumors and muscle infiltrating tumors, and the treatment methods for the two types of tumors are different: treatment of superficial bladder cancer: at present, transurethral resection of small superficial bladder tumors is the main method, while open surgery is appropriate for larger superficial papillary carcinoma. Total cystectomy is only suitable for patients with multiple tumors and extensive lesions. Drug infusion therapy of the bladder is suitable for carcinoma in situ and mucosal atypical hyperplasia lesions. In addition, drug injections, photodynamic therapy and heat therapy are also available. Treatment of invasive bladder cancer: If the lesion is limited, partial cystectomy is feasible; otherwise, total cystectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be performed. Total cystectomy is the basic treatment for invasive bladder cancer. Radiation therapy for bladder cancer is mainly used as palliative treatment for patients with advanced tumors or adjuvant treatment for patients undergoing surgery or chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is mainly used as adjuvant treatment for surgery and metastatic cancer. Follow-up after bladder cancer treatment Any surgical treatment that preserves the bladder, whether transurethral resection or open surgery, requires close follow-up after surgery and intravesical drug infusion to prevent recurrence, and cystoscopy and urine cytology examination should be repeated every three months in the first year after surgery. If tumor recurrence is detected, appropriate treatment should be administered.