Diabetes is one of the most important diseases threatening human health, and 90-95% of them belong to type 2 diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is predicted that the number of people with type 2 diabetes will reach 333 million in 2025, and China has become the second largest country in the world after India in terms of the absolute number of people with diabetes, and this continuous growth of diabetes and its complications has become a serious public health problem. Studies have shown that type 2 diabetes has significant familial aggregation, with family members of diabetics having a significantly higher incidence of diabetes than those without a family history of diabetes.
People at high risk for diabetes refer to those who are prone to develop diabetes. There are the following groups of people who are at high risk for diabetes.
1, parents, siblings or other relatives who are diabetic, i.e., have a family history of diabetes, with first-degree relatives of diabetics being the most likely group to have abnormal glucose regulation;
2.People who have had hyperglycemia during pregnancy;
3. People with a history of delivery of a huge fetus (fetus weighing more than 4 kg at birth);
4.Patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperviscosity of blood;
5, long-term smoking population;
6.Highly stressful work and heavy psychological burden;
7, long-term high calorie intake, lack of exercise crowd;
8, obese or overweight people, especially the abdominal obesity group;
9, people older than 40 years old, the older the chance of diabetes, the greater;
10, long-term use of some special drugs such as glucagon, diuretics; (11) people who have been diagnosed as early diabetes, that is, impaired fasting glucose or low glucose tolerance.
The main danger of diabetes is the occurrence of various complications, such as renal insufficiency (uremia), retinal detachment (blindness), coronary heart disease, stroke and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the treatment cost of combined complications will be 25 times higher than the cost of people without complications. It is expected that the prevalence of diabetes in China will reach 10% in another 15 years. Therefore, early identification of people at risk for diabetes, early diagnosis of diabetes, and early interventions to prevent and reduce the occurrence of various complications will minimize the harm of diabetes and medical expenses.
Early and effective human intervention and prevention can be carried out for people at high risk of diabetes.
1, strengthen education, knowledge about prevention and treatment, such as exercise, nutrition and cooking methods; knowledge of diabetes, efforts to reduce insulin resistance, protection and improvement of pancreatic B-cell function;
2, avoid high-fat diet, food composition should be reasonable, carbohydrates accounted for 50-60% of total calories, fat accounted for 25-30% of total calories, protein accounted for 15-20% of total calories, try not to eat fried food, eat more vegetables, daily fiber content in the diet to not less than 40 grams is appropriate, limit alcohol consumption, adhere to a low-salt diet (no more than 10 grams per day);
3, increase physical activity, exercise can lower blood sugar, can increase insulin sensitivity, exercise is also an effective way to lose weight, can correct dyslipidemia, lower blood pressure, so that the heart and lung function to exercise, relax tension, improve the quality of life;
4, avoid and reduce the use of drugs that are unfavorable to glucose and lipid metabolism, such as adrenocorticotropic hormones and diuretics can affect glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism;
5.Strictly control blood pressure around 130/80mmHg and lipid control in the low limit of the normal range;
6. Regular follow-up blood glucose testing, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin release test to understand the status of glucose regulation and pancreatic B-cell function;
7. For pre-diabetic patients, medication such as metformin or α-glucosidase inhibitors can be given if necessary to prevent and delay the onset and development of diabetes.