I. Causes and countermeasures of early morning fasting hyperglycemia One of the causes: the “Sumuji” phenomenon Measures: monitor the blood glucose at night (especially in the early morning), confirming that there was a hypoglycemic episode at night, which led to a rebound increase in fasting blood glucose the next day, the so-called “Sumuji” phenomenon. The so-called “Sumuj” phenomenon. By reducing the dose of oral hypoglycemic drugs (or medium- and long-acting insulin before bedtime) before dinner, to avoid the occurrence of nighttime hypoglycemia, fasting blood glucose can be returned to normal. Reason No. 2: Short maintenance time or insufficient dosage Measures: Also monitor the nighttime blood glucose, after completely excluding the patient’s nighttime hypoglycemic episodes. Medium- and long-acting oral hypoglycemic drugs, such as glimepiride, Damicarbon extended-release tablets, metformin extended-release tablets, etc., can be chosen to be taken orally before dinner; or medium- and long-acting insulin, such as Norethindrone N, Glycine Insulin (Ledbetter), etc., can be administered by subcutaneous injection at night before bedtime. The dosage of the drug can be adjusted as appropriate according to the results of blood glucose monitoring until the blood glucose is satisfactorily controlled. Reason No. 3: Excessive meal refill at night Measures: Refill meals in moderation, do not refill meals in large quantities. Note: The time of meal refilling is very important, should be chosen before the occurrence of hypoglycemia meal refilling, usually choose in the evening before bedtime around 10:00; if the occurrence of hypoglycemia and then go to refill the meal, often eat a lot, is not conducive to blood glucose control. Reason No. 4: Poor sleep at night Measures: Maintain emotional stability, learn to relax, avoid excessive agitation, and use sedative and sleeping drugs if necessary. Second, the causes of postprandial hyperglycemia and countermeasures One of the reasons: eating too much, or eating food with a high glycemic index Measures: dietary control of the basis of diabetes treatment, in any case should be adhered to, even if the patient is on medication is not an exception, there is no good dietary control, and then the best medication is also in vain. Adjustment methods are as follows ① control the amount of food, eat seven or eight minutes full at each meal can be (generally no more than 2 two). ② In order to reduce hunger between meals, the main food as much as possible to choose a higher content of dietary fiber grains or whole grains, take “less food”. ③ rice, sticky porridge “glycemic index” is high, can significantly increase postprandial blood sugar, so diabetics try not to drink or drink less rice. ④ Eat less greasy food, because fatty foods contain high calories. Reason No. 2: Inappropriate use of medication, or incorrect usage, or insufficient dosage Measures: Reasonable choice of medication is very crucial for postprandial blood glucose control. Oral hypoglycemic drugs mainly used to reduce postprandial blood glucose can be chosen from Glargine (e.g. Novaluron, Tang Li), α-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. Bactrim, Bexin), Glucophage, etc., and insulin should be chosen from ultrashort-acting insulin analogs (e.g. Novaluron, Util) or short-acting insulin (e.g. Novalurin R, Ucurin R). In addition, drug usage is also important, for example, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors require chewing with the first bite of meal, Novaluron requires immediate dosing before meal, Novalurin R requires subcutaneous injection half an hour before meal, and Novalurin requires subcutaneous injection immediately before meal. If not used correctly, the efficacy will be greatly reduced. Of course, if the choice of drugs and the use of no problem and blood sugar is still high, you can increase the amount of drugs or take a combination of drugs. Reason No. 3: Lack of proper exercise after meal Measure: Proper exercise after meal can consume calories in the body and assist in lowering postprandial hyperglycemia. It is generally recommended to start exercising half an hour after meals, and you should choose aerobic forms of exercise (e.g. jogging, brisk walking, etc.), the intensity of the exercise should not be too high, and the time should be 30~45 minutes. Note: Do not do intense anaerobic exercise, the latter can stimulate sympathetic nerve excitation, but will raise blood sugar. Reasons and countermeasures for high pre-meal and post-meal blood glucose The reasons for elevated fasting blood glucose and post-meal blood glucose were discussed in the previous section, mainly for the purpose of analyzing the reasons. In fact, simple fasting or postprandial blood glucose is not too many cases, more often than not, both are high, or to one side of the elevation of the main. Fasting and postprandial glucose affect each other. Fasting blood glucose reflects the basal blood glucose level, and postprandial blood glucose is a further increase above the basal level; in turn, poor control of postprandial blood glucose will also affect the preprandial blood glucose (or fasting blood glucose) at the next meal, causing it to rise. For the treatment of both pre-meal and post-meal high blood glucose, it is necessary to take both into account, but also to prioritize. In addition to dietary adjustments and moderate exercise, the use of medication advocates the adoption of “combination of long and short”, “combined use of drugs”. Long-acting drugs (e.g. Glimepiride, Damicarbon extended-release tablets, Norethindrone N, Glycine Insulin, etc.) are mainly used to control fasting blood glucose, while short-acting drugs (e.g. Norethindrone, Bactroban, Norethindrone, Norethindrone, Norethindrone, etc.) are mainly used to control postprandial blood glucose. It should also be noted that stressful situations such as severe infections, high fever, surgical trauma, etc. can also cause significant increases in blood glucose, both fasting and postprandial. Therefore, patients with unsatisfactory glycemic control must be careful to exclude stressors such as infections and treat them promptly.