Disease Overview: Farsightedness is a refractive state in which parallel light rays are refracted through the refractive system of the eye without the use of accommodation, with the focal point falling behind the retina. Thus, to see a target at a distance, the farsighted eye needs to use accommodation to increase refractive power, while to see a target close to the eye, more accommodation is needed. When accommodation is not sufficient to meet this need, near vision or even distance vision impairment can occur. If you can see distant objects clearly, but cannot see objects near your eyes, you may have farsightedness. Farsightedness causes extra strain on the eyes when viewing near objects. If you look at near objects for too long, you may experience blurred vision, headaches and eye strain. When farsightedness occurs in school-age children, it can cause difficulty reading. Farsightedness is not a disease and does not mean you have a problem with your eyes. It is just a change in the shape of the eye. The need for corrective eyeglasses depends on the extent of the change in the shape of the eye. Description of the disease: When accommodation is relaxed, parallel light rays pass through the eye’s refractive system and are focused behind the retina. In hyperopia, the far point is at the back of the eye and is a false focus. As a result, typical hyperopia is blurred and near vision is even more blurred. When farsightedness is low, patients can use their accommodation to increase the refractive power of the eye and focus light on the retina, thus obtaining clear vision. However, due to frequent and excessive use of accommodation, fatigue symptoms are more pronounced in farsighted individuals. Symptoms and signs: the age of the patient is closely related. 1. At <6 years of age, low and moderate hyperopia are asymptomatic because the magnitude of accommodation is large and the need for close reading is less. High hyperopia is usually detected during a physical examination or with a moderate internal strabismus. Adjustment entropion manifests itself as a greater proximal entropion than distal entropion and is caused by a high adjusted concentration/adjustment ratio (AC/A). Correct correction of hyperopia can reduce accommodation and thus reduce regulatory entropion. 2.At 6-20 years old, the demand for near reading increases, especially at about 10 years old, the reading volume increases, the reading font becomes smaller, and visual symptoms begin to appear. 3.At 20-40 years old, visual fatigue symptoms such as eye soreness and headache appear when reading at near, and some patients have an early appearance of old tilting vision, this is because as age increases, the amplitude of accommodation decreases, the implicit hyperopia decreases, and the dominant hyperopia increases. 4, >40 years old, the adjustment amplitude further decreases, the implicit hyperopia turns into dominant hyperopia, these patients not only need near reading additional, but also need distance hyperopia correction. Several common problems related to hyperopia: (1) Refractive amblyopia: generally occurs in children with high hyperopia who are not properly corrected before the age of 6. This type of amblyopia can be detected early through examination and completely corrected, and proper visual training can be given at the same time to achieve good treatment results. (2) Internal strabismus: ①Concentration and accommodation are linked, and when accommodation occurs, concentration is bound to occur. The amount of pooling induced by accommodation depends on the patient’s AC/A, which varies from person to person and is usually higher in hyperopes. ②When a hyperopic person is not refractively corrected, he or she begins to use accommodation at distance work and more accommodation at near work in order to obtain clear vision, producing an internal oblique or inward slope. If the internal obliquity persists, strabismic amblyopia will occur. (3) Hyperopic eyes are often accompanied by small eyes and shallow anterior chamber, so hyperopic people should pay special attention to checking the anterior chamber angle before dilating the pupil. In addition, the fundus of hyperopic eyes is often seen to be small, red, marginal and slightly elevated, similar to optic papillitis or edema, but with normal corrected visual acuity or no change compared to the past, no change in the visual field, and no change in the fundus on long-term observation, called pseudophakic optic papillitis. The most common form of hyperopia is axial hyperopia, in which the anterior and posterior axes of the eye are shortened in the orthoptic eye. This is one of the more common refractive abnormalities. At birth, the average human eye axis is about 17.3 mm, and almost all are hyperopic from the point of view of the length of the eye axis. It can be said that hyperopia in infants is physiological, after which the anterior-posterior axis of the eye grows slowly as the infant’s body develops. By the time a person reaches adulthood, the eye should be orthophoric or nearly so. In some people, due to inherent (genetic) and external environmental influences, the development of the eye stops and the eye axis does not reach the length of a normal eye, thus the eye axis remains as long as that of an infant or young child in adulthood, which is called axial hyperopia, while the opposite development process becomes myopia. In general, the shortening of the axis of the human hyperopic eye is not very large, rarely exceeding 2 mm, and each 1 mm of shortening represents a 3D change according to refractive eye calculations, so hyperopia exceeding 6 D is rare, but there are also highly hyperopic eyes, and some eyes can be as high as 24 D even without any other pathological changes. In pathologic abnormalities, such as microphthalmia, the degree of hyperopia may even exceed 24 D. Shortening of the anterior-posterior axis of the eye can also be caused by pathologic conditions such as ocular tumors or inflammatory masses in the orbit, which can cause the posterior pole of the eye to invaginate and flatten; furthermore, posterior spherical neoplasia or spherical wall edema can cause the macular region of the retina to shift anteriorly; a more severe condition can be caused by retinal detachment, which can cause displacement even to the point of touching the back of the lens, where the change in refraction is more pronounced. more pronounced. Another cause of farsightedness is curvilinear hyperopia. It is formed by a small curvature of the surface of any refractive body in the refractive system of the eye and is called curvilinear hyperopia. The cornea is the area susceptible to this change, such as a congenital flat cornea or from trauma or from corneal disease. From theoretical calculations in optics, each 1mm increase in the radius of curvature of the cornea can increase hyperopia by 6D. In this type of curvature hyperopia, only very few corneas remain perfectly spherical almost all are combined with astigmatism. The third type of hyperopia is called refractive-rate hyperopia. It is caused by a reduction in the refractive power of the lens, due to physiological changes that occur in old age and pathological changes in diabetics during treatment; it can also occur when the lens is dislocated backwards, which can be caused by congenital abnormalities or ocular trauma and diseases; and it can cause high hyperopia when the lens is lacking. Low farsightedness: <+3.00D, most people's vision is not affected before the age of 40 because they can compensate with accommodation when they look far away; 2. Moderate farsightedness: +3.00D to +5.00D, vision is affected with discomfort or visual fatigue, and internal obliquity occurs with excessive accommodation; 3. High farsightedness: >+5.00D, vision is The visual acuity is affected and the vision is very blurred, but the visual fatigue or discomfort is not obvious because the hyperopia is so high that the patient cannot use the regulation to compensate for it. The part of hyperopia that can be compensated by accommodation is called occult hyperopia, which is difficult to detect without ciliary muscle paralysis optometry. As the patient ages, the magnitude or ability of accommodation decreases, and the compensated farsightedness is gradually revealed. Diagnostic tests: Diagnosis can be made based on clinical findings. What tests should be done for hyperopia? 1. Examination of eye appearance under diffuse light, including symmetry of eye size and shape, some patients may have internal obliquity or internal strabismus, mostly in preschool children. The most common manifestation of hyperopia is a small papilla with a reddish color and slightly blurred edges, and in highly hyperopic eyes, a yellowish mass of transparent choroidal warts may be combined with a visual field defect. The macula of hyperopic eyes is farther away from the papilla than that of orthokeratology. 4. subjective optometry and objective photometry are combined with spherical column lens to correct. Mild hyperopia does not require correction if there are no symptoms, but if there is visual fatigue and internal strabismus, lenses should be worn even if the farsightedness is low. Those with moderate hyperopia or middle-aged hyperopia should wear lenses to correct their vision, eliminate visual fatigue and prevent the occurrence of internal strabismus. Related information: When the eye’s adjustment is static, the light reflected from near objects is actually focused behind the retina, so that objects cannot be clearly imaged on the retina. This is mainly due to the short anterior and posterior diameters of the eye, or the low refractive power of the cornea and lens, which causes 80% of newborns and infants to be “hyperopic”. With age, the eye axis grows, but 50% of people still have varying degrees of hyperopia in adulthood. In order to obtain clear vision, farsighted patients need to adjust the lens by contracting the ciliary muscle to make it more convex and refractive, so that the focus position of parallel light rays can be shifted forward on the retina. Especially when looking at near objects, the lens convexity can easily reach its limit, so patients with low farsightedness mainly have difficulty seeing near and often need to put the reading material farther away to adapt. However, patients with high hyperopia prefer to place the reading material very close to their eyes to form a larger image of the target on the retina and to identify it in the blur, producing a kind of false image like myopia. Another characteristic of farsightedness is that it is easy to develop regulatory visual fatigue, which is manifested by blurred handwriting when reading or writing for a long time; it may improve after a short break, but will feel blurred again after continuing to work. Farsightedness is a physiological phenomenon in children under 7 years of age, so there is no need for glasses. Farsightedness is a condition in which parallel light rays enter the eye and form a focal point after the retina, and external objects do not form a clear image on the retina. Patients subjectively feel that they can see fuzzy at a distance and even fuzzier up close. Farsightedness is corrected with a convex lens. In mild hyperopia, the subjective sensation is not obvious through the adjustment of the lens. As the patient gets older, the adjustment power decreases and symptoms such as visual fatigue and blurred vision slowly manifest themselves. Common sense prevention: The vision of hyperopia can vary depending on the degree of farsightedness and the age of the patient, with normal near and far vision or poor near vision and good far vision, or poor near and far vision. Farsighted eyes are prone to visual fatigue, close work or reading time cannot last, and should be examined by optometry and then equipped with suitable convex spherical lenses that can be solved. For adolescents with hyperopia and internal strabismus, the ciliary muscle must be dilated for optometry and prescription. All children with strabismus should come to the hospital for an early checkup, have their pupils dilated and be fitted with glasses of the right prescription to improve their visual acuity, correct some of their strabismus and prevent amblyopia. A few common questions related to hyperopia 1, refractive amblyopia: generally daughter occurs in children with high hyperopia and not given appropriate correction before the age of excellent this type of amblyopia magic can be detected early through immediate examination and completely corrected while giving appropriate visual training plus team can achieve good treatment resolute effect temporarily 2, internal strabismus: ① collection and regulation is linked when the regulation occurs must appear collection regulation by The amount of collection induced depends on the superb patient’s AC/AAC/A varies from person to person hyperopia is usually higher ② hyperopia is not refractive correction in order to obtain clear vision at a distance when working in the work of numerous anger began to use the adjustment near the work of using more adjustment to produce internal oblique or internal oblique if the internal oblique persists will appear strabismic amblyopia 3, hyperopia is often accompanied by small eyes shallow anterior chamber so hyperopia pupil dilated In addition, the fundus of hyperopic eyes is often seen as a small, red-colored papilla with unclear edges and a slightly elevated daughter similar to optic papillitis or edema, but the corrected visual acuity is depressed and normal or no change in the visual field compared to the past. Low farsightedness should also wear a mirror moderate farsightedness or middle-aged or more farsighted people should wear a mirror to correct vision eliminate visual fatigue prescribed drugs and prevent the occurrence of internal strabismus