The prostate-specific antigen is produced by the prostate ducts and is generally present in very low serum levels, both in the free (20%) and bound (80%) forms, the sum of which is the total prostate-specific antigen.
Elevated PSA can be seen in inflammation of the prostate, hyperplasia of the prostate, prostate polyps, and prostate cancer.
In addition, urinary tract infections, acute urinary retention, and having had rectal and anal examinations can also lead to elevated PSA. Clinical findings of significantly elevated total prostate-specific antigen, typically >10ng/ml, especially with predominantly free prostate-specific antigen, should exclude the possibility of prostate cancer, and ultrasound-guided prostate puncture biopsy can be performed to clarify the diagnosis.
If patients with prostate cancer are reexamined after surgery and its elevation again, it indicates the possibility of tumor metastasis or recurrence, and CT or MRI needs to be improved to clarify the metastatic lesions and guide further clinical treatment.