Oxygen for preterm infants are preterm infants born at less than 37 weeks of gestational age who have been treated with oxygen for a longer period of time. Most of them have a birth weight of less than 2500 grams and a head circumference of less than 33 centimeters. Because of their immaturity, they often need to be placed in a warming chamber to receive oxygen. It is an important sign of retinopathy of prematurity. Retinopathy is a condition in which the retina of preterm infants is partially absent of the optic nerve and/or blood vessels due to developmental defects or delays. After birth, oxygen stimulation of the avascular areas results in the growth of structurally abnormal neovascularization, and rupture of these blood vessels is associated with fundus hemorrhage and formation of a membranous membrane, which pulls on the retina and causes retinal detachment. In advanced severe cases, children often fail to retain the vision necessary for independent living, or even become completely blind. The prevalence of the disease is as high as 15-30% in premature infants, and is particularly high in immature infants weighing less than 1,500 grams and born before 32 weeks of age. Retinal immaturity is the main cause of the disease. Early detection and treatment of critical lesions is the key to saving the child’s vision. Parents should pay attention to maternal and child health care during pregnancy to avoid preterm and low-birth-weight babies as much as possible, and once they fail to avoid it, they should take the initiative to bring their preterm and low-birth-weight babies to the hospital to check the development of their eyesight, and to strictly control the indications and procedures of oxygen therapy. Physician’s comment: “Ripe” describes a full-term birth in October, while an early birth is more difficult to nurse. Early in pregnancy, the retina of the fetus has no blood vessels and relies on the vitreous and choroidal arteries for blood supply. It is not until the fetus is 10 centimeters long and in the fourth month of gestation that arteries grow across the optic nerve papilla to the peripheral retina. At 6-7 months of gestational age, blood vessels grow rapidly, approaching the periphery at 36 weeks of gestation and covering essentially the entire retina at full term. The retinal blood vessels and nerves of preterm infants have not yet completed development, and there is still an avascular zone after birth. Under the effect of prolonged oxygenation and other causative factors, neovascularization with abnormal structure grows in the avascular zone, causing hemorrhage, mechanized membrane formation, and detachment of the retina by pulling, which leads to retinopathy of prematurity and blindness of the child. Although placing preterm infants in a warming box with massive oxygenation reduces the mortality rate of immature infants, retinopathy increases significantly. Therefore, oxygen therapy for preterm infants should be strictly controlled, and should only be used for a short period of time when the child is cyanotic or in a life-threatening situation. The Guidelines for Oxygen Therapy and Prevention of Retinopathy in Preterm Infants, issued by the Chinese Medical Association, emphasize that the precautions to be taken during oxygen therapy include: (1) Strictly grasp the indications for oxygen therapy. (2) During oxygen therapy, close monitoring should be performed. (3) If the child’s demand for oxygen concentration is high and prolonged oxygen intake does not result in improvement, the cause of the disease should be actively investigated, the treatment program should be readjusted, and appropriate treatment should be given. (4) When administering oxygen to preterm infants, especially very low-birth-weight infants, parents should be informed of the characteristics of immature blood vessels in preterm infants, the necessity of administering oxygen to preterm infants, and the possible hazards of administering oxygen to preterm infants. (5) All preterm infants who meet the criteria for ophthalmic screening after oxygen therapy should be screened for ophthalmic ROP at 4-6 weeks after birth or at 32-34 weeks of corrected gestational age for early detection and early treatment. (6) Oxygen therapy for preterm infants must have appropriate monitoring conditions. If the monitoring conditions for oxygen therapy are not available, the infants should be transferred to hospitals that have the conditions for treatment. Screening for retinopathy is indicated for preterm infants with a birth weight <1500 g and gestational age <28 weeks, and also for preterm infants weighing <2000 g and in unstable condition. Regardless of whether the child was born prematurely or not, it is crucial for the mother to seek medical attention as soon as she realizes that her child's vision is not normal.