Hepatitis C is a disease mainly transmitted by blood, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the pathogen of the disease. Chronic infection with HCV can lead to chronic inflammatory necrosis and fibrosis of the liver, and some patients can develop cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma, which is extremely dangerous to the health and life of patients and has become a serious social and public health problem. Hepatitis C is a global epidemic, in the United States, the number of HCV-infected people is four times more than HIV-infected people, according to WHO statistics, the global HCV infection rate is about 3%, the number of infected people 170 million. In China, due to poor protection awareness in the past, a large number of patients after blood transfusion and surgery have been infected with HCV and have turned to chronic hepatitis. So far, hepatitis C detection techniques mainly include HCV antibody and antigen detection, and because of the late appearance of antibodies, antibodies cannot be detected in blood after early HCV infection, which leaves hidden dangers for the prevention and control of HCV infection. HCV-RNA nucleic acid gene amplification test (PCR) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of HCV infection, and HCV-RNA detected in peripheral blood is a reliable indicator of active HCV replication HCV-RNA can be detected in serum within 2 weeks of infection. The technical technique is highly sensitive and reliable, which can greatly shorten the window period of detection and further ensure safe blood transfusion and reduce the risk of post-transfusion HCV infection. the diagnostic technique of PCR detection of HCV-RNA is used for clinical confirmation of diagnosis and can determine the presence of the pathogen. For persons treated with vaccines or specific antisera, or for persons with immunodeficiency, the use of immunological indicators no longer reflects the infection and replication status of the pathogen, and PCR can only be used to visually demonstrate the presence of the pathogen.