Urological stones have many hazards, including the following: stones can directly cause damage, obstruction, infection, and even malignancy in the urinary tract. Direct stimulation of the stones themselves can cause congestion, edema, and even erosion or detachment of the urinary tract mucosa. Some larger stones or stones embedded in the lumen may cause local ulceration, granuloma, or scarring strictures, which may occasionally be complicated by malignant changes. The most important pathologic changes following stone obstruction of the urinary tract are hydronephrosis and renal impairment, depending on the site and extent of the obstruction. Due to the thin lumen of the ureter, the degree of obstruction is often severe and can easily lead to progressive renal damage, mainly in the form of increased pressure in the renal pelvis, collecting ducts and interstitium, dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces, as well as decreased glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. If the obstruction persists, irreversible damage to renal function will occur to some extent. When urinary tract stones are combined with obstruction, urinary tract infection may sometimes occur due to urinary stagnation, which in turn may lead to precipitation and precipitation of crystals, resulting in rapid increase in the size of the existing stones and further aggravating the urinary tract obstruction, thus forming a vicious circle.