Surgery is indicated for early and intermediate stage lung cancer (TNM stage is usually before stage IIIa). Of course, the patient’s age and whether he/she has other chronic diseases (hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, etc.), especially whether he/she has chronic lung diseases (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, etc.) and how well the patient’s lung function is also crucial to whether surgery can be performed. Since early stage lung cancer is usually asymptomatic, most of the lung cancer patients found are middle and late stage patients. Patients should undergo some preoperative examinations before surgery, which are divided into two major categories: (1) check whether there are distant metastases, especially brain, adrenal gland, bone, liver, etc.; (2) check the general condition of patients’ heart and lung function, liver and kidney function. Of course, if lung cancer has been considered, chest enhancement CT is essential. These examinations usually take a few days. Surgery is generally divided into several categories from the scope of resected lesions: local resection, lobectomy, and total pneumonectomy, and lymph node dissection or sampling is usually performed. The surgical approach can be divided into traditional open surgery and minimally invasive surgery (also known as thoracoscopy and small incisions). The specific choice of surgical approach depends on the condition, and there are also differences in the surgeon’s habits and philosophy, so it is difficult to say directly what surgical approach is good and what is not. Generally speaking, lobectomy + mediastinal lymph node dissection is the standard procedure for lung cancer resection. The difficulty of lung cancer surgery is mainly the relationship between the tumor and pulmonary vessels and bronchi. A general surgery may be over in 1-3 hours (many factors affect the surgery time) or even faster, and for vessels and bronchi that are not easy to deal with, sometimes a shaping or sleeve resection has to be performed. The drains may be removed and you can try to walk on the floor in 2-3 days after the operation, and you can be discharged in 7-11 days (varies from person to person), but the postoperative period is a high incidence of complications, and many serious and even fatal complications occur during this period, such as pulmonary embolism, bleeding, respiratory failure, etc. Many patients or family members are most concerned about how long the patient can survive after surgery. In fact, this is a difficult question to answer, because each patient (or individual as they are called) is different, and in time the type and stage of the tumor are the same, the length of survival is definitely different. What is certain is that if the surgery is suitable and goes well, with proper adjuvant treatment, the patient’s survival should be longer than that of radiation and chemotherapy alone. The cost of surgery and hospitalization varies from hospital to hospital, but the main difference is the consumables and drugs used for surgery and anesthesia, which may cost at least 10,000 yuan and tens of thousands of yuan. After surgery, rest and functional exercise are paid attention to, and radiotherapy and chemotherapy are administered (or not) according to the scheduled plan, together with Chinese medicine and immunotherapy. Attention should also be paid to regular review, usually at the 3rd, 6th and 12th month after surgery, and then every 6 months. The main content of the examination is whether there is recurrence and metastasis, such as chest CT (enhanced or not), abdominal ultrasound (especially containing adrenal gland), head MRI or enhanced CT, bone scan, tumor markers, blood routine, biochemistry, etc. The specific choice can be made by the doctor.