Lung Cancer NCCN Treatment Interpretation

  1.Read the type of evidence of NCCN Type 1 evidence: high-level evidence, NCCN consistent conclusion; Type 2A evidence: higher-level evidence, NCCN consistent conclusion; Type 2B evidence: lower-level evidence, NCCN ordinary conclusion (with disagreement) Type 3 evidence: with clinical basis, NCCN discussion with large disagreement.  2. Lung cancer screening: the use of low-dose CT (LDCT) can reduce the overall mortality rate of lung cancer – more early cases can be detected. The U.S. National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) recommended that high-risk individuals (≥30 packs/year, age 55 to 74 years) be randomized to annual screening by chest radiograph or annual screening by LDCT, and the results suggest that LDCT reduces the population-specific lung cancer mortality by 20% and the overall mortality by 70%. The disadvantages of LDCT: low overall efficacy, low cost-effectiveness, and more chance of combining intrapulmonary nodules in high-risk groups, most of which are benign lesions.  3, There is evidence that SABR is consistent with surgery in patients with stage I lung cancer, but one needs to be alert to the toxic side effects of SABR, especially in central lesions (especially within 50px of the rejected bronchial tree), and the biological dose of SABR should be above 100EGY, such as giving 60Gy/3 times.  4, adjuvant therapy after stage I NSCLC: after R0 resection (complete resection without residual), adjuvant radiotherapy is not required; after R1 resection, reoperation is preferred and radiotherapy (sequential or concurrent, 2B) can be considered; after R2 resection, reoperation is preferred and concurrent radiotherapy (2B) can be considered. postoperative chemotherapy (2A) can be given to stage IB with high-risk factors after R0 resection, which include hypofractionated tumor (including hypofractionated neuroendocrine tumor), tumor >100px, vascular invasion, dirty pleural invasion, wedge resection, incomplete lymph node staging (Nx).  5, stage II NSCLC, surgery is still preferred, if surgery is contraindicated radical radiotherapy can be chosen, R0 surgery patients, IIA (T2bN0) adjuvant chemotherapy for high risk patients, IIA (T1,T2a,N1) adjuvant chemotherapy, IIb (T2bN1,T3N0) adjuvant chemotherapy. after R1 resection, reoperation and postoperative chemotherapy are preferred. after R2 resection, reoperation plus After R2 resection, reoperation plus postoperative chemotherapy is preferred.  The principle is to strive for complete remission of the tumor after primary treatment, i.e. try to resect, T3N1 give surgery + adjuvant chemotherapy; T1-3, N2 give preoperative chemotherapy/radiotherapy + surgery + postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy; T4N0-1 give preoperative concurrent radiotherapy + surgery, R0 resection after observation or chemotherapy for a total of 4 courses, R1 resection give re-operation + chemotherapy or postoperative chemotherapy. R1 resection was followed by re-excision + chemotherapy or radiotherapy (sequential or concurrent), and R2 resection was followed by re-excision + chemotherapy or concurrent radiotherapy. Patients with stage IIIb NSCLC are given radical concurrent radiotherapy.  7. For patients with inoperable NSCLC, radiotherapy + chemotherapy is better than radiotherapy alone, and concurrent chemotherapy is better than sequential chemotherapy, and concurrent chemotherapy with Tysol + carboplatin is Class 2A evidence. In radical radiotherapy, not doing prophylactic irradiation did not reduce efficacy, recurrence in the field was slightly higher, and irradiation of only positive lesions helped to increase irradiation dose, reduce toxicity, and thus improve long-term survival; it is better to outline GTV by PET/CT results. Induction chemotherapy reduces tumor volume to a certain extent and creates conditions for dose boosting. Induction chemotherapy cannot bring survival benefit to patients with locally advanced NSCLC, and consolidation chemotherapy cannot bring survival benefit to patients with locally advanced NSCLC (but the therapeutic value of chemotherapy still needs further study).  8. The currently recommended radiotherapy technique is 4DCT radiotherapy. 3DCRT or IMRT can be used as a candidate. When using 3DCRT or IMRT radiotherapy techniques, the patient’s respiratory momentum should be measured on a simulator, while slow CT is used for scanning during CT scanning (to capture as many respiratory time phases as possible). The volume of the heart irradiated by high doses and the incidence of esophagitis are associated with survival, and the volume of the GTV should be reduced as much as possible during radiotherapy (e.g., by performing induction chemotherapy). Radiotherapy dose can be 60-74Gy,split dose in 1.8-3Gy, and the plan can be divided into two stages for implementation.  9. Stage IV NSCLC emphasizes obtaining genotyping, EGFR, ALK gene status should be as clear as possible; TKI drugs should be used as first-line treatment for patients with EGFR mutation in stage IV NSCLC, TKI drugs have no evidence yet as first-line use in operable patients, Afatinib can be used as first-line; if mutation is found during chemotherapy, chemotherapy should be discontinued and replaced with TKI treatment. Crizotinib (crizotinib) can be used as first-line therapy in patients with stage IV ALK mutations. For metastatic foci management (brain and bone metastases), if asymptomatic, continue to take medication and observe; if symptomatic, perform brain radiotherapy depending on the extent of tumor and pulsed TKI for meningeal metastases.  10.Limited small cell lung cancer (Limited-staged SCLC): platinum-based chemotherapy (4-6 courses), radiotherapy intervened at the beginning of the 1st or 2nd course of chemotherapy, no change of their chemotherapy schedule during radiotherapy, radiotherapy dose 45Gy,1.5Gy bid. for early stage patients, surgery is also an option, but there is no definite clinical evidence. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (PCI) should be given after concurrent chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy to patients who are determined to be effectively treated.  11, Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC): platinum-based chemotherapy (4-6 courses), whole-brain prophylactic radiotherapy (PCI) for patients with effective chemotherapy; thoracic radiotherapy still has no clear evidence.  12. If the nature of the lesion (bone) cannot be clarified by PET/CT examination in SCLC patients, supplemental X-ray or MRI should be performed; prophylactic whole-brain irradiation is not suitable for patients with low PS score or neurological disease.