Ask for history and clinical assessment of crying episodes Frequency and duration of crying episodes, whether the crying is paroxysmal, starts and ends suddenly, and is difficult to soothe. Accompanying symptoms 1. Observe the crying infant’s face and check vital signs; 2. Whether there is abdominal distention, diarrhea, diaper rash or generalized rash; 3. Whether there is irritability, frequent milk spillage, vomiting or even vomiting blood; whether there is diarrhea or blood in the stool; 4. Whether there are signs and symptoms of skin and respiratory allergies (rash, episodic cough, etc.); 5. Perform abdominal ultrasound, stool routine and occult blood test, etc. if necessary. Growth and development Find out the gestational age, birth mass, current body mass and length, and assess for the presence of poor body mass and length growth and growth retardation. Danger signs The presence of pathological conditions should be considered if there are any of the following symptoms: 1) intussusception, gastroesophageal reflux disease, milk protein allergy, genetic metabolic disorders, etc., requiring prompt referral or consultation; 2) frequent milk spills, vomiting, vomiting blood; 3) fever; 4) blood in the stool (strong positive fecal occult blood test); 5) swelling of the mouth, lips or eyelids, rash; 6) episodes of cough; 7) painful expressions/abnormal postures (or Sudden onset of paroxysmal crying for several minutes at a time, accompanied by facial changes, and recurrent episodes); 8. Poor growth (poor growth in length and body mass). Soothing education 1. Inform parents that crying may be a transient phenomenon in the developmental process, and that most of them will gradually improve after 4 months; due to the different temperaments of infants, the degree of difficulty for infants to pass this period varies, so as to eliminate parents’ tension. 2.Encourage parents to face with a normal mind, such as in the process of soothing the child, pay attention to the good and positive characteristics and progressive behavior of the infant: less frequent and shorter crying, progress in neurological development, and good growth in body mass. 3. Help parents develop an actionable response plan, such as rotating the soothing staff to ensure that each parent has enough time to rest and has enough energy and patience to complete the soothing. 4. Conduct regular physical examinations to keep abreast of the infant’s level of development, have sufficient evidence to affirm the results of parental efforts, and give parents praise and encouragement. Nursing guidance 1.Swaddling method: Wrap the infant tightly with a large square towel to give a womb-like restraint, so that the infant gets a sense of security, and cover the abdomen with a warm towel. 2.Massage method: warm hands to do clockwise massage and touch with the navel as the center, change the infant’s posture such as lying on his or her back, or elevate the legs to lie on his or her side; you can also hold the child vertically, making the parent’s shoulder press the infant’s abdomen to improve abdominal symptoms. 3, shushing method: to the baby’s ear, rhythmic, softly issued monotonous shushing sound, so that the baby tranquil calm; or washing machine, vacuum cleaner, car engine sound soothing. 4.Shaking method: Gently shake the baby, avoiding excessive amplitude. 5.Sucking method: Let the baby suck on the soother. Feeding guidance and dietary intervention 1. Promote breastfeeding and emphasize compliant feeding. Pay attention to the baby’s movements, expressions, sounds and other signals, and make timely, appropriate and targeted responses to meet the baby’s real needs. Feed with care and patience. Avoid feeding as soon as the infant cries. Excessive nursing can cause the infant to swallow too much air, aggravating bloating and crying, forming a vicious cycle; at the same time, feeding should be predictable so that the infant does not cry due to waiting. Each feeding time should be within 20 min; do not give water, juice, medicine and other inlet things frequently between feedings. 2.After feeding, hold the infant diagonally and pat the back, gradually stand the infant upright and assist in patting the back so that the infant burps and expels gas from the stomach; 2h after feeding, give abdominal massage and touch to help the infant expel gas from the stomach and intestines and promote bowel movement. 3. When formula-fed infants are crying with flatulence and loose stools, and lactose intolerance is highly suspected due to insufficient lactase activity, parents can be instructed to use lower lactose or lactose-free formula, or to try giving lactase before feeding. 4. For infants with high suspicion of milk protein allergy, they should be referred to a specialist, or diagnosed and intervened according to the “Evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of milk protein allergy in infants and children in China” (Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2013), etc.