Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease that severely affects the quality of life of patients and their families. The disease is associated with genetic allergies and is often associated with skin barrier dysfunction. The disease usually begins in infancy, and some data show that about 50% of all patients develop the disease before the age of 1 year, and the disease has a chronic course, and some patients can extend the disease into adulthood. The incidence of AD can be as high as 10% to 20% in developed countries, and epidemiological surveys in China also show an increasing trend in the incidence of this disease. In general, the incidence of AD decreases with age, and the disease may gradually decrease. The causes of atopic dermatitis are very complex and have not yet been fully understood. Genetic, environmental and biological factors are closely related to the disease. Children of parents with a history of inherited allergies are significantly more likely to develop the disease, but genetics is not the only determining factor. Environmental factors, especially the degree of industrialization, urban living, standard of living and changes in lifestyle are important risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis. Among allergic factors diet such as milk, eggs and seafood have an influence on the development of atopic dermatitis, especially in those with more severe disease in infancy and early childhood. Dust mites, house dust mites, and pollen may be important airborne allergens. Non-allergic factors such as irritants or detergents that disrupt the skin barrier, scratching, microbial colonization (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur), and psychological factors (e.g., stress, anxiety, depression) also play an important role in the pathogenesis. The exact pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is not known. It is generally believed to be a result of dysfunction of the body’s skin barrier or a direct dysregulation of the body’s immune response, resulting in an allergic or non-allergic inflammatory response, in response to certain genetic background and/or environmental factors. Skin barrier dysfunction creates conditions for local sensitization of allergens or colonization of microorganisms, which is an important basis for triggering or aggravating skin inflammation. The clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis are varied, but the most basic feature is a chronic recurrent pruritic rash with certain age-specific features. According to the characteristics of rash occurrence, development and distribution, atopic dermatitis can be divided into three stages: infancy, childhood and adolescent-adult stage. The infantile stage (1 month to 2 years) is characterized by infantile eczema, and the lesions are mainly exudative and dry, mainly on the cheeks, forehead and scalp. Childhood (2 to 12 years old), mostly evolving from infancy, may also not go through infancy, its lesions show eczema type and itchy rash type, mostly occurring in the elbow fossa, popliteal fossa and the extensor side of the calf. In adolescent adults (>12 years of age), the lesions are similar to those of childhood and are mostly limited dry dermatitis, occurring mainly in the elbow fossa, popliteal fossa, and anterior aspect of the neck, but also on the face and back of the hands. Atopic dermatitis can be accompanied by a range of characteristic skin changes, including dry dermatitis, auricular fissures, ichthyosis, palmaris, periorbital keratosis, propensity for skin infections (especially Staphylococcus aureus and herpes simplex), nonspecific hand and foot dermatitis, papular eczema, labyrinthitis, recurrent conjunctivitis, Dennie-Morgan suborbital folds, periorbital dark halo, pale face, white pityriasis, anterior cervical folds, white scratches/delayed whitening, etc. These signs help aid in the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Treatment and care 1. Basic treatment (1) Avoid triggering and aggravating factors. Try to avoid all possible irritations. You should try to wear cotton clothes, to be loose, change clothes and bed sheets and other household items, avoid scratching and rubbing; avoid excessive washing of the skin, especially scalding and excessive use of soap; pay attention to maintaining a suitable temperature environment to reduce the stimulation of sweat; pay attention to maintaining a clean living environment to reduce allergens such as house dust, mites, animal hair, pollen, fungi, etc.; pay attention to observing the reaction to the food you eat. Avoid eating allergenic foods. (2) Restore and maintain the skin barrier function. Correcting dry skin, protecting the skin barrier function and stopping itching are the key measures in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. In the acute phase, bathing with warm water once or twice a day will increase humidity while also helping to reduce exudation and remove scabs and residual medication; in the chronic phase, bathing can be done once a day. Whether in the acute phase or in remission, the application of emollients and/or moisturizers is extremely necessary and should be applied topically (mostly advocated for systemic use) at least 1 to 2 times a day, especially immediately after bathing, to maintain the hydrated state of the skin and protect the barrier function and reduce pruritus symptoms. 2, drug treatment (1) local treatment. The drugs used are generally glucocorticoids, calcium-regulated neurophosphatase inhibitors, topical antibiotic preparations, antipruritic agents and so on, just follow the doctor’s instructions. (2) Systemic treatment. The drugs used generally include antihistamines and cell membrane stabilizers, anti-infective drugs, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants and anti-leukotriene therapy, etc., which should also be prescribed by the doctor. 3.Physical therapy Ultraviolet light is an effective treatment for atopic dermatitis, and narrow wave medium wave ultraviolet light (NB-UVB) and UVA1 are more effective. Attention should be paid to the use of emollients after phototherapy. Because the carcinogenicity of this therapy after long-term repeated use needs to be further evaluated, it is generally believed that UV therapy should be avoided in people younger than 12 years of age. Observation and prevention Because atopic dermatitis has a long course and is prone to recurrence, its treatment principles are primarily aimed at restoring the normal barrier function of the skin, finding and removing triggering and/or provoking factors, and reducing or relieving symptoms. It is important to educate the patient and/or family members about the disease, its treatment and course, and to pay attention to various precautions in life such as avoiding or reducing exposure to triggering factors as much as possible; understanding the importance and use of adjuvant treatments such as emollients; avoiding or reducing the need to seek so-called “potent “treatment”; understand the effects and adverse effects of relevant drugs, understand the benefits and risks of various treatments, and cooperate with doctors to obtain the best possible results.