Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy for squamous esophageal cancer can improve the prognosis for inoperable or advanced stage, but it is difficult to cure. Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy for esophageal cancer is mainly applied to inoperable or advanced stage patients, with the addition of immunotherapy, which can further improve the prognosis and prolong the survival period compared with traditional chemotherapy. However, immunotherapy plus chemotherapy cannot kill all the cancer cells completely, and the residual cancer cells will continue to proliferate or even be resistant to drugs, so the disease will eventually progress. Therefore, those with squamous esophageal cancer that can be operated should be actively operated, while those who cannot be operated or have metastasis can benefit from chemotherapy plus immunotherapy.