With diabetes, it is inevitable that you will have to deal with various kinds of laboratory tests, so learning to read them becomes a basic skill for every diabetic. How to read the labs? What does each indicator represent? Blood glucose refers to the amount of glucose in the blood, and is one of the essential tests for diabetic patients. Nowadays, two methods are used to monitor blood glucose, namely drawing blood from a vein or tying capillary blood from a finger. There are many diabetic patients who purchase their own blood glucose meters to monitor blood glucose by themselves. This is very important for timely understanding of individual fasting and postprandial blood glucose, taking appropriate treatment or adjusting insulin dose, preventing blood glucose from being too high or too low, and is of great significance for avoiding the occurrence of diabetes complications. Definition of fasting blood glucose refers to the blood glucose value measured by blood collected before breakfast after overnight fasting for more than 8 hours, which indirectly reflects the level of the body’s own basal insulin secretion in the absence of stress factors; fasting blood glucose can also reflect the efficacy of hypoglycemic drugs. Definition of 2 hours postprandial blood glucose It refers to the blood glucose measured 2 hours after breakfast, lunch and dinner, meaning: it reflects the body’s insulin secretion ability and sensitivity to insulin after food stimulation; it can also indicate the effect of comprehensive treatment after diet control and medication, which is convenient to guide diet and medication. Postprandial hyperglycemia is more common in most type 2 diabetic patients, and the elevation of blood glucose 2 hours after meal is more common and sometimes more important than fasting blood glucose, because the insulin secretion function of such patients has been damaged, and the response after postprandial high sugar stimulation is poor, insulin secretion is insufficient, and postprandial hyperglycemia easily occurs. Finger blood glucose monitoring time is usually measured before three meals, 2 hours after meals and before bedtime every day. If the blood glucose is well controlled, fasting and postprandial blood glucose can be measured 1-2 days a week; if the blood glucose is not well controlled, the doctor should be consulted and the number and time of blood glucose measurement should be decided daily according to the blood glucose situation. Blood glucose control target (mmol/L): (normal people fasting blood glucose <6.1; 2 hours after meal blood glucose <7.8) diabetic patients fasting blood glucose control at 4.4-7.0; 2 hours after meal blood glucose ≤10. 2. Blood lipids Blood lipids is the general name of lipids contained in blood, which mainly includes cholesterol and triglycerides, cholesterol includes LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Glucose lovers with dyslipidemia must be clear: do they have elevated cholesterol? Or do you have high triglycerides? Or are both cholesterol and triglycerides high? Because if you don't differentiate, you will be at a loss for treatment. Currently, the primary goal is to control LDL cholesterol. Lipid control target (mmol/L): triglycerides < 1.5 LDL cholesterol (without combined coronary heart disease) < 2.6; LDL cholesterol (combined coronary heart disease) < 1.8; HDL cholesterol (male) > 1.0; HDL cholesterol (female) > 1.3. 3. Glycated hemoglobin Glycated hemoglobin is the product of hemoglobin in the red blood cells of blood and It can reflect the average level of blood sugar within 2 to 3 months, and is the main indicator of blood sugar control. The higher the glycated hemoglobin, the more blood glucose binds to hemoglobin, and the worse the blood glucose control. It is usually checked once every two or three months. Glycosylated hemoglobin control target: (At present, it is advocated that it should be individualized according to the physical condition of patients.) In general, it should be controlled below 7%; young patients with short disease duration and no complications and other serious diseases should be as close to the normal level (6%) as possible; children and elderly patients who are prone to hypoglycemia, combined with serious complications and other diseases should be appropriately relaxed, and it can be up to 8% or even 9%. 4, urine sugar Urine sugar refers to the content of glucose inside the urine. A normal person’s urine contains a small amount of glucose, and the urine sugar excreted in 24 hours a day does not exceed 100 mg, and the general laboratory test results are negative.