Data show that there are more than 16 million patients with severe mental illnesses in China, and treatment is difficult. The difficulty in treating this kind of disease lies in the fact that patients do not admit that they are sick and do not cooperate with medication, while sudden impulsive and injurious behaviors, which are serious and harmful, make it difficult for their families to supervise them, and also put a heavy burden on the family and society. Usually, most of the treatment is carried out with drugs or related instruments to control mental symptoms, which requires long-term and continuity; with the progress of modern imaging technology and electrophysiology, medical experts can accurately locate the neural nuclei related to mental illness activities in the brain, and by stimulating or destroying the disease-causing neural nuclei in the brain, surgical treatments for the purpose of eradicating or alleviating the patient’s mental symptoms can be realized at one time. The neural nuclei in specific parts of the brain – the limbic system – and their connecting fibers are closely related to various human behaviors and higher emotional activities. “Different neural nuclei have correspondence with symptoms such as aggressive behavior, hallucination and delusion, sensitivity and paranoia, etc. Neuromodulation or destruction of which can quickly control psychiatric symptoms, thus effectively treating such diseases.” After more than 100 years of research, neuromodulation stereotactic surgery has made significant progress in the field of psychosurgery. Through the head CT/MRI/DTI fusion localization technology, it can accurately locate the nucleus pulposus, avoiding motor and sensory nerves, and the surgical path planning is completed before the operation, which is equivalent to the “good navigation settings before the start of the car”. In general anesthesia surgery, only need to drill a small hole of 1 cm in the skull, put in 2 mm electrodes to complete the surgical operation, the damage to the surrounding brain tissue is extremely light. Prof. Wu Jingwen said that the procedure is among the most minimally invasive in functional neurosurgery, with risks far lower than traditional craniotomy. However, the surgery requires the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team of medical experts, which covers functional neurosurgery, psychiatry, imaging, anesthesiology, ICU, as well as the guidance of a professional follow-up team after the surgery. So what kind of patients are suitable for surgery, surgery is mainly applicable to 18 years old ~ 65 years old; disease duration of more than 3 years; drug treatment effect is poor; recurring morbidity; refractory schizophrenia patients, affective mental disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, epileptic psychiatric disorders, substance dependence psychiatric disorders and other diseases. Experts emphasize that the treatment of severe mental illness is lifelong, the patient’s family should have full cognition of this.