Targeted therapy actually belongs to biological therapy, which mainly means that the drug can act specifically on certain specific sites in tumor cells that are usually not expressed or rarely expressed in normal cells. Therefore, targeted therapies are highly selective in killing tumor cells without killing or only rarely damaging normal cells. The safety and tolerability of targeted therapies are excellent, and the toxic side effects are minimal. In recent years, targeted therapy has made rapid progress in the field of non-small cell lung cancer treatment research, and many drugs have achieved good therapeutic effects after entering the clinic, and in some cases, their efficacy and safety even surpass those of traditional chemotherapy. Targeted therapies for NSCLC mainly include epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFR-TKI), angiogenesis inhibitors, multi-target inhibitors, signal transduction inhibitors, etc. The representative drugs include gefitinib, erlotinib, bevacizumab, cetuximab, sorafenib, sunitinib, etc. Among them, bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy has been used as the first-line treatment option for intermediate to advanced non-squamous lung cancer. And gefitinib and erlotinib have long been used as standard second-line treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer, and even for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, they can be treated with EGFR-TKI-like drugs in the first line with an efficiency of up to 70% and can avoid the serious toxic side effects of chemotherapy. In addition, there are other molecular targets for lung cancer treatment (e.g. echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4/anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion gene (EMLA-ALK) The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-lR), and mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (METF) are the most important genes of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-associated kinase fusion (EMLA-ALK). The drug XALKORI (Crizotinib), which targets EMLA-ALK fusion gene therapy, was approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August 2011 for patients with ALK-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The efficiency of this drug treatment can reach 50-60% for patients with ALK-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer. In conclusion, after more than a decade of research, targeted lung cancer therapy has achieved many milestones, and it is believed that with the continuous development of basic research, clinical trial research and other related research, it will bring more gospel to the treatment of lung cancer patients.