Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial tissue outside the body of the uterus, also known as endometriosis. Ectopic endometrium can invade any part of the body, such as umbilicus, bladder, kidney, ureter, lung, pleura, breast, and even arm and thigh, but most of them are located in the pelvic organs and wall peritoneum, with ovaries and uterosacral ligament being the most common, followed by uterus and other dirty peritoneum, vaginal rectal diaphragm and other parts. Symptoms of endometriosis 1. Lower abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea Pain is the main symptom of endometriosis, typically secondary to dysmenorrhea or aggravated by progressive dysmenorrhea. The pain is mostly found in the lower abdomen, lumbosacral and middle pelvic area, and sometimes in the perineum, anus and thighs, often at the onset of menstruation and lasting throughout the period. A small number of patients may present with persistent lower abdominal pain that intensifies during menstruation. 2. Infertility The infertility rate of endometriosis patients is 40%. The causes of infertility include: changes in the pelvic microenvironment affecting sperm-egg union and transport, abnormal immune function leading to an increase in anti-endometrial antibodies and disrupting the normal metabolism and physiological function of the endometrium, and abnormal ovarian function leading to ovulation disorders and poor corpus luteum formation. In moderate to severe cases, adhesions around the ovaries and fallopian tubes may affect the transport of fertilized eggs. 3. Discomfort during sexual intercourse Most commonly seen in patients with ectopic lesions in the rectal uterine sink or in those with a posteriorly inclined fixed uterus due to local adhesions. The pain is caused by collision or uterine contraction during sexual intercourse, generally manifested as deep painful intercourse, and the most obvious painful intercourse before menstruation. 4. Menstrual abnormalities 15%-30% of patients with endometriosis have heavy menstruation, prolonged menstruation, dripping menstruation or premenstrual spotting bleeding. It may be related to ovarian is lesions, anovulation, luteal insufficiency or the combination of adenomyosis and fibroids. Special symptoms of endometriosis When endometriosis appears outside the pelvic cavity, periodic pain, bleeding and lumps may appear locally, and corresponding symptoms may appear: 1. When endometriosis appears in the intestine, patients may have abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation or periodic small amount of blood in stool, and in severe cases, symptoms of intestinal obstruction may appear due to the compression of the intestinal cavity by the lump; 2. When endometriosis appears in the bladder, patients When endometriosis is found in the bladder, patients often have painful urination and frequent urination during menstruation, but they are mostly masked by dysmenorrhea symptoms; 3. In addition to the above symptoms, when an ovarian endometriotic cyst ruptures, the contents of the cyst flow into the pelvic and abdominal cavity causing sudden and severe abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting and anal cramping. The pain mostly occurs before and after menstruation, after sexual intercourse or in other cases of increased abdominal pressure. The symptoms are similar to those of a ruptured tubal pregnancy, but without intra-abdominal bleeding. Endometriosis can cause pain in the lower abdomen and lumbosacral area, pain during sexual intercourse, increased chances of dysmenorrhea and menstrual irregularities, and also increase the risk of ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy and even infertility in women. Endometriosis has the same glands and mesenchyme as normal endometrium, but because of its strong cell proliferation, infiltration and recurrence, its lesions are extensive and varied, and its clinical manifestations are quite similar to those of malignant tumors, so it is often referred to as “benign cancer” and has become a difficult disease to treat. Since its pathogenesis is still unknown, the treatment effect is not ideal.