Arteriosclerotic leukoencephalopathy is a small-vessel dementia, mostly caused by underlying diseases such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, etc., resulting in the formation of sclerosis and occlusion of small blood vessels, leading to microcirculatory disorders in the brain, and is a vascular dementia, usually seen in middle-aged and elderly patients. Patients may exhibit cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, mild physical activity impairment, walking with a small gait, ataxia, and difficulty controlling urine and stool. On imaging, patients can be seen to have atrophy of the white matter of the brain, and the paraventricular white matter is mostly sparse, with multiple lacunar cerebral infarcts. The risk factors for its formation are mainly related to vitreous degeneration of the deep small arteries in the brain due to hypertension, and the onset of the disease is relatively insidious.