Epilepsy is closely related to various chemicals in the body, and neurobiochemistry has an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of epilepsy at the molecular level.
I. Biochemical changes in the brain during seizures
(1) The seizure process is often accompanied by abnormal changes in arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, blood glucose, nonlipidated fatty acids, ATP, chromium, phosphorus, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, GABA, etc.
(2) Increased oxygen demand, accelerated glucose metabolism, decreased brain phosphocreatine concentration, and increased creatine concentration during seizures.
(3) Decreased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, decreased dopamine content, and enhanced cholinesterase activity during seizures.
(2) Energy status and metabolic reserve of the brain during seizures
The glucose content of the brain decreases rapidly at the beginning of a seizure, and glycogen returns to normal after two hours. This is related to the elevated plasma insulin concentration during seizures. Creatine concentrations increase and phosphocreatine concentrations decrease within seconds of the onset of a generalized seizure. ATP concentration decreases in the presence of hypoxia, arterial hypotension, or hypoglycemia.
III. Epilepsy and monoamines
Monoamine transmitters include 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, epinephrine, and acetylcholine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is decreased, dopamine is decreased, and cholinesterase activity is increased during seizures.
Epilepsy and amino acid transmitters
The amino acid transmitters include GABA, Glu, ASP, Gly, Ala, and Tau, of which GABA is the main inhibitory transmitter and glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the brain.
V. Epilepsy and cyclic nucleotides
Cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (CGMP), are the “second messengers” of central nervous cells and play an important role in regulating the activity of the central nervous system.
Sixth, epilepsy and neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are a class of compounds linked by dozens of low molecular weight single chain amino acids. It is involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.
Epilepsy and calcium ions and calmodulin
Calcium ions can regulate numerous cellular biological processes through activation of calmodulin; calmodulin is an important calcium-binding protein in the human body that acts as a receptor for calcium ions and is a mediator that assists calcium ions to perform a variety of physiological functions.
The relationship between calcium ions and seizures is well established, and the intracellular flow of calcium ions is essential for the development of epilepsy.
The study of the relationship between epilepsy and biochemistry is important to open up new methods and approaches for the treatment of epilepsy.
Epilepsy and biochemistry
Epilepsy is closely related to various chemicals in the body, and neurobiochemistry plays an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of epilepsy at the molecular level.
I. Biochemical changes in the brain during seizures
(1) Abnormal changes in arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, blood glucose, nonlipidated fatty acids, ATP, chromium, phosphorus, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, GABA, etc. are often observed during seizures.
(2) Increased oxygen demand, accelerated glucose metabolism, decreased brain phosphocreatine concentration, and increased creatine concentration during seizures.
(3) Decreased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, decreased dopamine content, and enhanced cholinesterase activity during seizures.
(2) Energy status and metabolic reserve of the brain during seizures
The glucose content of the brain decreases rapidly at the beginning of a seizure, and glycogen returns to normal after two hours. This is related to the elevated plasma insulin concentration during seizures. Creatine concentrations increase and phosphocreatine concentrations decrease within seconds of the onset of a generalized seizure. ATP concentration decreases in the presence of hypoxia, arterial hypotension, or hypoglycemia.
III. Epilepsy and monoamines
Monoamine transmitters include 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, epinephrine, and acetylcholine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is decreased, dopamine is decreased, and cholinesterase activity is increased during seizures.
Epilepsy and amino acid transmitters
The amino acid transmitters include GABA, Glu, ASP, Gly, Ala, and Tau, of which GABA is the main inhibitory transmitter and glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the brain.
V. Epilepsy and cyclic nucleotides
Cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (CGMP), are the “second messengers” of central nervous cells and play an important role in regulating the activity of the central nervous system.
Sixth, epilepsy and neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are a class of compounds linked by dozens of low molecular weight single chain amino acids. It is involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.
Epilepsy and calcium ions and calmodulin
Calcium ions can regulate numerous cellular biological processes through activation of calmodulin; calmodulin is an important calcium-binding protein in the human body that acts as a receptor for calcium ions and is a mediator that assists calcium ions to perform a variety of physiological functions.
The relationship between calcium ions and seizures is well established, and the intracellular flow of calcium ions is essential for the development of epilepsy.
The study of the relationship between epilepsy and biochemistry is important to open up new methods and approaches for the treatment of epilepsy.