Nerve root pain: Mostly caused by compression or irritation of nerve roots outside the spinal canal or spinal canal. Clinically, it is most common with disc herniation, spinal stenosis (including lateral saphenous fossa stenosis) and tumors in the spinal canal. The main features are: paravertebral pressure pain: in radicular pain, there is mostly pressure pain in the paravertebral area and often radiates to the lower extremities due to the simultaneous involvement of the dorsal branch of the affected spinal nerve root. Restriction of spinal movement: In lumbar spondylolisthesis, posterior extension is mainly restricted in lumbar spinal stenosis, and in lumbar disc herniation, lumbar posterior extension, forward flexion and lateral flexion are restricted. In patients with radicular pain in cervical spondylosis, the positive rate of flexion test is more than 95%. This is due to the fact that the cervical spine in forward flexion increases the tension and pressure on the affected nerve roots by pulling on the dural sac and root cuff, which causes pain at home. Intravertebral tumors can also manifest different degrees of spinal movement restriction in different stages of the disease. Chen Xin, Department of Brain and Spine Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University Spinal nerve root localization symptoms: The sensation, movement and reflexes of the spinal nerve roots have clear localization characteristics depending on the spinal nodes. For example, the dorsal skin sensation of the 1st and 2nd toes is mainly innervated by the lumbar 5th nerve root, while the lateral edge of the foot and the little toe are innervated by the sacral 1st nerve root.