Neuromodulation is an important component of neuroprosthetics, and functional electrical stimulation (FES) and functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) are its main tools. With the development of medical science and bioengineering technology, electrical stimulation treatment has been involved in many fields such as neurological diseases, intractable pain, psychiatric diseases, movement disorders, angina pectoris, obesity, chronic pancreatitis, sexual dysfunction, irritable bowel syndrome, addictive diseases, etc., and has achieved remarkable results. Currently, 13,850 patients in the United States alone have received this treatment with excellent results, including 3,069 patients with migraine, 1,635 with epilepsy, 2,625 with depression, 401 with movement disorders, 123 with neck pain, and 657 with peripheral neuralgia. Data show that as of April 2009, more than 1600 patients have received deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) implants in China, including more than 1440 patients with Parkinson’s disease and about 160 patients with other diseases, as well as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for intractable epilepsy in more than 41 cases, but treatment in more areas has not yet been carried out. The World Neuromodulation Society defines neuromodulation as a scientific, medical, and bioengineering technology that uses implantable and non-implantable technologies, relying on electrical or chemical means, to improve the quality of human life at the neuroscience level. The rapid development of neuromodulation technology has involved neurology, anesthesiology and other related disciplines, bringing us a new means of treatment with great potential for the treatment of persistent neurological disorders. Five implantable techniques are most widely used Neuromodulation techniques include implantable and non-implantable techniques. Non-implantable techniques are mainly applied to transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) to relieve pain and reduce tissue inflammation response. The most widely used implantable techniques include the following. Deep brain electrical stimulation techniques are used for the treatment of movement disorders, mainly through different chronic electrical stimulation of specific nuclei in the deep brain. The main means of electrical cortical stimulation (CCS) techniques carried out at this stage include motor cortex stimulation as well as cerebellar stimulation. Motor cortex stimulation is a method of stimulating the motor cortex with electrical currents to achieve similar effects as deep brain stimulation, which has become a hot research topic due to its simpler operation, easier to master, less brain tissue damage, and fewer complications than deep brain stimulation. In contrast, cerebellar cortex stimulation is mainly used for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, but its efficacy evaluation is still controversial. Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) includes occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) for intractable cervicogenic pain and chronic headache; VNS for epilepsy, obesity, depression and other mood disorders; and sacral nerve stimulation for pelvic pain and sexual dysfunction. Spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCS) treats pain, reverses spasm, improves cardiac function, reduces angina, and reconstructs gastrointestinal function, urinary tract function, and sexual function through electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. Treatment of persistent deterioration of consciousness is also being gradually applied to the clinic. Micro-pump implantation technology (DDS) is used to treat cancer pain, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and intractable spasticity by implanting a drug slow-release system into the spinal canal or brain. Widely used in the neuropsychiatric field Currently, as far as the neuropsychiatric field is concerned, neuromodulation is mainly used in movement disorders, intractable pain, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, addiction disorders, and functional recovery treatment after neurological damage. DBS is the best choice for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease Movement disorder diseases include Parkinson’s disease, tonicity, vibratory state, and torsional spasm, etc. At present, the means of deep brain stimulation treatment is quite mature, and DBS has become the best choice for the treatment of Parkinson’s. With the development of technology, treatments such as cerebral cortex stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and drug pumps have also achieved promising efficacy and have become the current research hotspots for neuromodulation therapy. The effect of traditional drug treatment is often poor, and there are effects of drug dependence, addiction and drug toxic side effects. The indications for surgical treatment are very limited, and the majority of patients with intractable pain are often helpless, and neuromodulation technology brings new hope for these patients. Deep brain stimulation, motor cortex stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, spinal cord stimulation and drug pump implantation have been shown to be effective for intractable pain, and for some pains, they are even the only effective treatment. The efficacy of surgical treatment is increasingly recognized for alleviating the symptoms of drug-refractory epilepsy epilepsy, especially drug-refractory epilepsy. However, there are still some drug-refractory epilepsies where surgery is not effective and drugs are even more difficult to control. At this time, neuromodulation techniques have become the only feasible treatment, including vagus nerve stimulation, cerebellar chronic stimulation, cortical stimulation, and deep brain stimulation, which can largely relieve epilepsy symptoms and reduce seizures, becoming another powerful tool in the hands of epilepsy surgeons. Treatment of mental disorders is more effective in the treatment of mental disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression, neuromodulation techniques have achieved considerable efficacy, including deep brain nucleus stimulation and cortical stimulation treatment. Compared with traditional destructive surgery and excisional surgery, stimulation treatment has the advantages of adjustability and reversibility, and is increasingly favored by neurosurgeons. In addiction disorders and functional recovery after neurological damage promising neuromodulation techniques have also been increasingly tried in this area, including deep brain stimulation and cerebral cortex stimulation, whose efficacy has been largely recognized and supported by more and more clinical cases, with great prospects for development. In conclusion, neuromodulation technology, an important component of neuroprosthetics, is an emerging technology that is developing rapidly. With the continuous progress of medical science and bioengineering technology, it is believed that neuromodulation technology will have greater development potential and will bring gospel to more patients.