Bile duct cancer is a highly malignant tumor that originates from bile duct epithelial cells and can occur anywhere from the capillary bile duct to the common bile duct, and the lesion is more likely to invade the bile duct wall and surrounding liver tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissue. The overall prognosis of the disease is poor. Only 10% of patients with stage III cholangiocarcinoma can survive for 5 years, and the 5-year survival rate for patients with stage IV cholangiocarcinoma is close to 0. Therefore, cholangiocarcinoma is often referred to as the king of cancers. The causes of cholangiocarcinoma may be related to congenital malformations of the bile duct, congenital common bile duct cysts, biliary stones, parasites, chronic inflammation, and infection with viral hepatitis B, viral hepatitis C, or nitrosamine diet, among others. The only means of cure is surgical resection, but because the early symptoms of the disease are not obvious and the existing methods of early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma are still somewhat lacking, patients with symptoms such as epigastric pain and jaundice are mostly in the middle or late stage, and radical resection of the tumor may not be possible. Only about 35% of patients can be detected and undergo radical surgery in early stage of the disease, and only a small percentage of patients with cholangiocarcinoma of the hilar region have the possibility to benefit from liver transplantation, while patients with progressive stage and cholangiocarcinoma without surgical indication are not sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Regular medical checkups can help early detection and treatment, which can help increase the cure rate, prolong the survival of patients and improve the prognosis.