Many patients come to the nephrology department for low back pain, and the doctor will not only ask the nature of the pain, but also give the patient the appropriate examination and auxiliary tests. In clinical practice, we can often see back pain caused by kidney and non-kidney causes. The most common kidney-related back pain is kidney stone, which is usually unbearable renal colic, and the kidney stone is usually large or embedded in a relatively narrow part of the kidney, requiring active stone removal such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Inactive small stones usually have no symptoms or only mild discomfort in the lower back and can be treated with lithotripsy pellets and drinking more water. Kidney-related aches and pains are usually seen in kidney tumors, which require further urological consultation to determine the nature of the tumor and thus determine the next step of treatment. Some patients with pyelonephritis may also experience back pain, which needs to be combined with systemic manifestations such as chills and fever, and checking for white blood cells in the urine and inflammation indicators in the blood. In addition, some special types of kidney diseases such as renal syndrome hemorrhagic fever, acute nephritis syndrome, acute interstitial nephritis, etc. can also present with back pain, which generally manifests as a feeling of swelling and pain in the lower back. Kidney ultrasound is usually large in volume, and combined with urinalysis and renal function, a kidney biopsy puncture is needed to clarify the pathological diagnosis. It should be noted that chronic glomerulonephritis usually does not show symptoms of lumbar pain, and if combined with lumbar pain, other causes need to be actively sought. Many patients have been excluded from kidney stones and kidney tumors by renal ultrasonography, and from inflammation and renal insufficiency by urinalysis and blood tests, but these patients still have symptoms of back pain. The doctor who sees the patient needs to ask if the patient has any previous history of trauma, lumbar disc herniation, lumbar strain, ankylosing crestitis, rheumatoid crestitis, sacroiliac arthritis, lumbar spine tuberculosis, lumbar spine tumor, etc. If the patient has no relevant medical history, he or she needs to further investigate lumbar X-rays, CT or even MRI to rule out the above diseases, and once diagnosed, he or she needs to be referred to orthopedics or other corresponding departments for further treatment. In addition, gynecological diseases can also cause low back pain, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, adnexitis, endometritis and even physiological period, which can cause symptoms of low back pain and require gynecological follow-up. In the clinic, we also see some patients who have done a lot of relevant examinations and still failed to find out the cause of low back pain. At this time, we need to ask the patients whether they have a long-term sedentary or maintain a posture lifestyle and work. In these cases, low back pain, especially soreness, will appear early and needs to be corrected in time to prevent pathological changes. Very few patients develop low back pain because of psychological reasons, and this kind of low back pain is often a manifestation of hysteria and needs psychological treatment. It has to be said that the appearance of low back pain brings a great impact on our life, and in serious cases affects normal work and life, so the cause needs to be found before treating low back pain and treated accordingly. For unexplained low back pain, patients are advised to change their lifestyle, avoid weight bearing on the back, sleep more on hard beds, work out properly, adjust their mindset, use Chinese medicine massage and acupuncture if necessary, and use pain relief plasters appropriately to relieve the symptoms of low back pain so that the muscles, bones and nerves of the back are in a relatively healthy state.