Plastic surgery for congenital frontal and nasal deformities

Congenital frontal and nasal deformities are often the main clinical manifestations of various types of congenital craniofacial anomalies, in which the main nasal deformities are craniofacial clefts of types 0-14, which can be manifested as various types of nasal defects or deformities of varying degrees, and at the same time can be accompanied by orbital and upper lip deformities, mild craniofacial clefts can be corrected surgically in 3-6 months; most of them can be repaired using localized flaps to repair defects, and in severe cases the surgery should be delayed until 1-2 years of age. For severe deformities, surgery should be delayed until 1-2 years of age, often with the use of soft-tissue expansion and bone grafting, and should be aimed at correcting the orbital bone and its adjacent soft-tissue deformities at the same time. In very severe cases of craniofacial clefts of types 13 and 14, combined with meningeal bulge and orbital hypertelorism, the age of surgery should be delayed until 5-6 years of age and the deformities should be corrected according to the principles of treatment of orbital hypertelorism with the use of bone grafting to reconstruct the nasal bone during the operation. Nasal deformities due to widening of the orbital spacing, such as wide nasal dorsum and low nasal bridge, should be corrected while treating widening of the orbital spacing, and the age of 5-6 years is considered as the best time for surgery. For mild deformities, transcranial external pathway U- or O-type osteotomy can be chosen, and for severe deformities, paracentral osteotomy through combined intracranial and extracranial approaches should be used, in which the periorbital wall should be completely freed, and the redundant nasal and sieve bones should be eliminated and refixed. The periorbital wall should be refixed. Congenital frontal deformity is often caused by congenital premature closure of the cranial suture or craniofacial osteogenesis imperfecta, such as premature closure of the frontal suture can lead to triangular head deformity, the child’s forehead is triangular, premature closure of the sagittal suture can lead to navicular deformity, the child’s skull is in the shape of a navicular, with long anterior and posterior diameters, short left and right diameters, and a high and prominent forehead; premature closure of the coronal suture bilaterally can lead to short head deformity, with a flat and high frontal head, which is especially evident in lateral observation, and premature closure of the unilateral coronal suture can lead to forward slanting head deformity, which can lead to forward sloping head deformity. The unilateral premature closure of the coronal suture can lead to anterior oblique head deformity, the child’s two sides of the forehead is uneven, one side bulging, one side collapsed; accompanied by both sides of the orbital rim and the asymmetry of the eye fissure, the above deformities not only seriously affect the child’s physical appearance, but also lead to increased intracranial pressure, visual acuity, neurological and psychological disorders, and many other symptoms, once detected are should be corrected within 6 months of timely surgery, may seriously affect the brain development of the cranial suture premature closure, such as the short head malformation, the operation should be advanced to 2-4 months of age, the operation should be carried out in advance. For premature closure of the cranial suture, such as short head deformity, the operation should be advanced to 2-4 months, the traditional cranial suture incision or bone flap resection has been proved to have no therapeutic effect at all; its postoperative recurrence rate is close to 100%, and the intracranial approach of supraorbital bone bridge anterior transfer method used by Marchac et al. is used at present, which is to partially transform the forehead into the two anatomical units of supraorbital bone bridge and the upper frontal area, and achieve the purpose of correcting the deformity by changing the position and morphology of the two in the operation. Purpose. Craniofacial osteogenesis imperfections, such as Crouzon syndrome and Apert syndrome, are mainly characterized by forehead and midface retraction, which leads to proptosis. In the past, it was advocated that the above deformities should be corrected by a two-stage surgery, with the forehead being shifted forward firstly at the age of less than 8 months to 1 year, and then the midface being shifted forward at the age of 6-7 years through the Le-Fort III osteotomy, but more and more scholars advocate that both forehead and midface be shifted forward in one surgery, and the forehead and midface be shifted forward simultaneously in one surgery. Nowadays, more and more scholars advocate to shift the forehead and the middle of the face forward at the same time by one operation, i.e. Monobloc operation, and the age of the operation is greatly advanced, which can be carried out as early as 2 years old.