Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs on the mucosa of the bladder. It is the most common malignant tumor in the urinary system and one of the ten most common tumors in the whole body. In 2012, the incidence rate of bladder cancer in the national tumor registry was 6.61 per 100,000, ranking 9th in the incidence rate of malignant tumors. Bladder cancer can occur at any age, even in children. Its incidence rate increases with age, and the high incidence age is 50-70 years. The incidence of bladder cancer in men is 3 to 4 times higher than that in women.
Reducing environmental and occupational exposures may reduce the risk of developing uroepithelial cancer. About 70% of patients recur after transurethral electrodesiccation. Postoperative intravesical infusion of BCG or chemotherapeutic drug treatment can reduce the recurrence rate to 25%-40%. The commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs for instillation are mitomycin, adriamycin, tiotipine, hydroxycamptothecin, etc. The 5-year survival rate of patients with invasive bladder cancer is 60%-70% after total cystectomy.
Uroepithelial carcinoma of the bladder is divided into non-muscle invasive uroepithelial carcinoma and muscle invasive uroepithelial carcinoma. Patients with non-muscle invasive uroepithelial carcinoma are mostly treated with transurethral bladder tumor electrosurgery and postoperative treatment with bladder irrigation to prevent recurrence. Patients with muscle-infiltrating uroepithelial carcinoma and squamous and adenocarcinoma of the bladder are mostly treated by total cystectomy, and some patients can be treated by partial cystectomy. Patients with muscle-infiltrating uroepithelial carcinoma can also be treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy + surgery first. Metastatic bladder cancer is mainly treated with chemotherapy. The commonly used chemotherapy regimens are M-VAP (methotrexate + vincristine + adriamycin + cisplatin) and GC (gemcitabine + cisplatin) and MVP (methotrexate + vincristine + cisplatin) regimens, and the efficiency of chemotherapy is 40% to 65%.