The birth of a healthy, intelligent child will undoubtedly bring unlimited joy and happiness to parents and their loved ones, but in case their child fails the hearing screening test, parents will fall into an abyss of pain and anxiety, not knowing what to do. From a scientific point of view, it is important to calm down after the anxiety and think about how to face the facts: First of all, hearing tests for infants and children have many interfering factors and the evaluation is also a very complex issue, based on the hearing screening test results or one comprehensive examination may still not confirm the diagnosis of hearing impairment. It often requires a process of repeated examination and analysis and judgment. Therefore, it is necessary to listen to the opinions of experts from several major hospitals. It is important to emphasize that if you rush to fit your child with hearing aids or cochlear implants based on hearing screening test results alone, you are likely to make a historic and irreversible mistake that will cost your child a lifetime and cause endless problems. So, how can we face the problem rationally, analyze it objectively and treat it correctly? First, we need to analyze whether the child has a hearing impairment and to what extent. As the child will soon enter the critical period of language development, he/she should go to a qualified hospital as soon as possible to check objective hearing: auditory brainstem potential, multi-frequency steady-state evoked response, otoacoustic emission, tympanogram and stapedius muscle reflex to confirm the hearing status. Second, if deafness is finally diagnosed after several tests, it is not always congenital or hereditary deafness. Be sure to get more opinions from the experts involved. The science of otology and audiology is a very rigorous science, and those who are engaged in this science have different educational backgrounds, different medical practice experiences, different academic views, and different medical specialties, and because of the high degree of difficulty in detecting and analyzing pediatric hearing, it is not uncommon to have different opinions on diagnosis and treatment. Different academic views will always exist in the medical community, both ancient and modern. Therefore, it is important to listen to the different opinions of senior doctors in regular and qualified hospitals, and then through your own repeated comparison and reflection, find the hospital and doctor you trust the most is the best choice. Thirdly, if the mother has malnutrition or iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy for various reasons, and the newborn fails the initial hearing screening, the possibility of iron deficiency deafness should be considered first (iron deficiency deafness is an iron deficiency disease of the inner ear tissue, and it is the only sensorineural deafness that can be completely restored or improved to varying degrees by appropriate treatment for the cause). All children under 3 years of age, male or female, are at high risk of developing iron deficiency and iron-deficiency deafness. Fourth, if iron deficiency deafness is ruled out, a series of tests are needed to rule out the possibility of congenital or genetic deafness. Genetic screening for deafness is an important reference for the diagnosis of congenital or hereditary deafness. For example, the SLC26A4 gene in patients with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome is called the PDS gene, and the PDS full sequence scan can be used as an objective indicator to analyze the diagnosis of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome; furthermore, the GJB2 gene is considered the most common deafness-causing gene in our country, and a child with a positive GJB2 gene should be considered for congenital or genetic deafness. Finally, if a child is diagnosed with severe hearing impairment, the first step is to find out the cause of the problem and to treat the cause as soon as possible. Regardless of whether you choose to treat the cause of the hearing impairment, choose hearing aids or have a cochlear implant, most children’s hearing rehabilitation will be a relatively long process (generally measured in years, but does not exclude the possibility of rapid recovery in a few early treatment cases). Parents should be prepared for this.