I. Overview
Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common diseases affecting our national health
Hypertension is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in China, and has become the first risk factor for death among people over 40 years old in China
According to the data of China Cardiovascular Disease Report 2005, the awareness rate of hypertension in China is 30.2%, the treatment rate is 24.7%, and the control rate is 6.1%, and the emergency department of Liaocheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kang Guangshan.
It is expected that cardiovascular disease will be the leading cause of death in China in 2020
Since 1972, the U.S. government has carried out national hypertension education planning and national cholesterol education planning, resulting in a 50% or more decline in coronary heart disease mortality and a 60% or more decline in stroke mortality.
It shows that it can prevent
Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease – prevention and treatment should be given equal importance
There are some people put the cart before the horse, should prevent but not prevent, can treat but not treat
Prevention – zero-level prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention
Prevention before disease, prevention after disease
Chinese medicine health — zero-level prevention
Huangdi Nei Jing – Su Wen —- 四气调神大论
If the disease has become and then the medicine, the chaos has become and then the cure, like thirsty and wear well, the bucket and cast soldiers, is not also late?
Human health is not necessarily a simple matter of tonic and exercise, the World Health Organization has a basic estimate of health, stating that.
— 15% of health depends on heredity.
—10 percent depends on social conditions.
—8 % depends on medical conditions.
—7 percent depends on the natural environment.
— and 60% depends on one’s habitual life
—- can see the importance of living habits —- wellness
Second, the Chinese medical concept of health
Huangdi Nei Jing – Su Wen – Shanggu Tian Zhen Lun”: I heard that the ancient people, spring and autumn are a hundred years old, and the movement does not decline; now the people, half a hundred years old and the movement are declining, the time and the world is different? People will be lost yeah?
Qibo said: the ancient people, its knowledge, the law of yin and Yang, and in the arts, food and drink in moderation, regular living, not delusional labor, so the form and the gods, and the end of its natural life, a hundred years before going.
The people of today are not the same, with wine as the syrup, to delusion as a regular, drunk to enter the room, to want to exhaust its essence, to dissipate its true, do not know to hold full, from time to time to God, to fast its heart, contrary to the life of music, living without discipline, so half a hundred years and decline.
The saints of the past teach the next, all of them are called the false evil wind, to avoid the time, the quiet onion mistletoe ugly woman and diamond banter wood “Po Yong base J and disaster bow unloaded儆陌捕痪澹卫投痪耄運常批批砌悠恙缘盟浮
Therefore, the beauty of its food, any of its clothing, enjoy its customs, the high and low do not adore each other, its people are said to be simple.
The people of this country are called simple, so they can’t be confused by lust, and they can’t be confused by obscenity, and they are not afraid of anything.
Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine – Su Wen – Shang Gu Tian Zhen Lun
1, adapt to the environment — law in the yin and Yang; up and down with the normal; false evil and thief wind, avoid the time;
2.Adjustment of emotion and will—The quiet onion and mistletoe boil is often the sustainability of the strain of sustainability.
3, appropriate exercise — not delusional labor; shape labor and not tired; and in the art;
4, regulate the diet —- food and drink in moderation ____ reasonable diet, quit smoking and limit alcohol
Cancer is caused by eating – high cholesterol diet is prone to cancer
The World Health Organization calls “reasonable diet, smoking and alcohol cessation, proper exercise, and psychological balance” the “cornerstones of health”.
1.Adapting to the environment — the law of yin and yang; living and working in a normal way; avoiding the evil and thieving wind sometimes;
Yin and Yang, the four seasons, the beginning of the end of all things; life and death are also the essence; against it is disaster, from it is harsh disease is not, is called the Tao.
The Tao is practiced by the sages and admired by the fools. If you follow it, you will be born; if you go against it, you will die; if you follow it, you will be ruled; if you go against it, you will be in chaos.
Huangdi Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine)
The sage nurtures Yang in spring and summer, and Yin in autumn and winter, in order to follow its roots; therefore, it sinks and floats with all things in the gate of growth. If you go against its root, you will cut down its essence and destroy its truth.
— Spring and March, this is hair Chen. Heaven and earth are born, all things to glory, sleep at night and get up early, wide walk in the court, was hair slow shape, in order to make Zhi Sheng, born and do not kill, give and do not take, reward and do not punish, this spring should be, the way to nourish life; against it is hurt liver, ……
Summer, March, this is the first show. Heaven and earth, all things are flamboyant, sleep at night and get up early, ……, this summer gas should be, the way to nurture long; contrary to the sad, autumn for ^ malaria, ……
Autumn March, this is called Yung Ping. The weather to be urgent, the earth to be clear, early to sleep and get up early, with the chicken, ……, this is the autumn qi should be, the way to feed the harvest; contrary to the lung injury, winter for food, ……
The March of winter, this is closed. Water ice and chaparral, do not disturb the Yang, sleep early and get up late, must wait for daylight, …… this winter gas should be, the way to nourish the Tibetan; contrary to the injury to the kidneys, spring for impotence and convulsions, the few people who serve life.
2, adjusting the emotions and will — Ten Onion Quercus clover
is to leisurely will and less desire, peace of mind and not afraid
Therefore, the beauty of its food, any of its clothing, happy with its customs, high and low do not adore each other, its people so called simple.
Desire can not labor its eyes, lust and evil can not confuse its mind, foolish, wise, virtuous and unscrupulous, not afraid of things
3, proper exercise — not delusional labor; shape labor and not tired; and in the arts;
Long vision injury blood, long lying down injury gas, long sitting injury meat, long standing injury bone, long walking injury tendons. Is called five labor injury.
4, regulate the diet —- food and drink in moderation, against the wine for the pulp, to delusion as a regular
Five grains for nourishment, five fruits for help, five animals for benefit, five dishes for the full
The yin is born in the five tastes;
The five palaces of yin are injured in the five tastes.
Therefore, the taste is too sour, liver gas to the Jin, spleen is extinct.
Taste too salty, the bone gas labor, short muscle, heart gas suppression.
Taste too sweet, the heart is full of gas, black, the kidney is not balanced.
Taste too bitter, spleen qi is not moistened, stomach qi is thick.
Taste too pungent, the tendons and veins are depressed, the spirit is central.
Therefore, careful and five flavors, bone and tendons soft, blood to flow, coupled with dense, as is the bone to fine. The way to be careful as the law, there is a long life of heaven.
Third, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
(A) cardiovascular disease risk factors
There are nearly 300 known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but the most important ones are a dozen
Classification
The first one: traditional and new
The second: modifiable and non-modifiable
The third: genetic and environmental
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
Major (traditional) risk factors.
Age
Family history
Male
Hypertension
Smoking
Elevated TC
Elevated serum LDL-C
Decreased serum HDL-C
Diabetes
Impaired renal function
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
Potential risk factors
Overweight/obesity
Elevated serum TG
Insulin resistance and abnormal glucose metabolism
Elevated serum Lp(a)
Impaired vascular endothelial function
Elevated coagulation factors
Chronic hepatitis (elevated hsCRP)
Oxidative stress
Elevated plasma homocysteine
Sleep breathing disorders
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their principles of prevention and treatment
Socioeconomic/psycho-behavioral factors
Educational level (low)
Economic income
Occupation and its change
Unhealthy diet
Lack of physical activity
Excessive alcohol consumption
Mental stress
Certain mental illnesses
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
(B) The main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases
The main risk factors for ischemic cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke) are
Dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitus
The main risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke are
Hypertension and excessive alcohol consumption
Ischemic cardiovascular disease is 80% attributable to – high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
(iii) Overall risk of cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is the result of the combined effect of multiple risk factors
The risk of cardiovascular disease depends not only on the severity of a risk factor, but also on the number and degree of risk factors that an individual has at the same time
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
Risk stratification of combined blood pressure levels, risk factors, organ damage and disease
Risk factors.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels
Pulse pressure level (elderly patients)
Age Male > 55, Female > 65
Smoking
Dyslipidemia TC>5.18mmol/L or LDL-C>3.37mmol/L
or HDL-C: male <1.04mmol/L female <1.2mmol/L
Or TG>1.7mmol/L
Fasting blood sugar 5.6~6.9mmol/L
Abnormal glucose tolerance test
Abdominal obesity Waist circumference >90cm in men and >85cm in women
Family history of early onset cardiovascular disease Male <55, Female <65
Lack of physical activity
Subclinical organ damage
Left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram
Left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiogram
Carotid artery wall thickening (IMT >0.9 mm) or plaque
Carotid-femoral pulse wave amplitude >12m/s
Ankle wall blood pressure index <0.9
Mildly elevated plasma creatinine 115~133 in men;107~124 in women
Low glomerular filtration rate —- or low creatinine clearance
Trace proteinuria: 30~300mg/24h or albumin-creatinine ratio Male ≥22mg/g creatinine Female ≥31mg/g creatinine
Diabetes mellitus
Repeatedly measured fasting glucose ≥7.0mmol/L
or repeatedly measured postprandial blood glucose ≥11.1mmol/L
or random blood glucose ≥11.1mmol/L
Confirmed cardiovascular disease or renal disease
Cerebrovascular disease: ischemic stroke; cerebral hemorrhage; transient ischemic attack
Cardiac disease: myocardial infarction; angina pectoris; heart failure; coronary revascularization
Renal disease: diabetic nephropathy; impaired renal function (>133 in men; >124umgl/L in women); urinary protein (>300mg/24h)
Peripheral vascular disease
Severe retinopathy: hemorrhage or exudation, optic papillary edema
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
(D) The main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and their prevention and treatment principles
1. Hypertension
The main risk factors are: high blood pressure (pre-hypertension), high salt and low potassium diet, overweight and obesity, rapid weight gain and excessive alcohol consumption.
Hypertension is also a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and renal insufficiency.
It should be carefully evaluated and actively treated.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
Basic principles of hypertension treatment and related issues
Immediately start the application of antihypertensive drug therapy when the blood pressure is above 160/100mmHg, along with lifestyle intervention
140-160/90~100mmHg, if associated with cardiovascular disease, target organ damage and risk factors are high risk, early antihypertensive treatment should also be carried out, along with lifestyle interventions
140-160/90~100mmHg without the above factors can be monitored with lifestyle interventions: salt restriction (sodium less than 6g/d), weight reduction, reduction of alcohol consumption (30g/d), balanced diet and physical exercise, etc. Take antihypertensive drugs when the efficacy is unknown
Five types of antihypertensive drugs can be used alone or in combination;
Choose the most suitable drug for the patient according to the patient’s condition and drug characteristics
If possible, choose a drug that can control blood pressure for 24 hours once a day to control blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg;
Diabetes mellitus, or with cardiovascular disease or obvious target organ damage should be controlled to less than 130/80mmHg;
Elderly people should lower their blood pressure smoothly and avoid dropping below 120/70mmHg
Hypertension treatment requires long-term lifelong medication, avoid reducing or stopping medication after reaching the standard, and must be carried out under the guidance of a doctor.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
2.Smoking
Smoking is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease
There is a clear dose-response relationship
Passive smoking can also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
The main harmful substances – nicotine and carbon monoxide
Smoking cessation at any age can be beneficial
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
3.Lipid abnormalities
(1) Diagnosis of dyslipidemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Mixed hyperlipidemia
HypoHDL-Cemia
Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their prevention and control principles
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their prevention and control principles
Recommendations
Adults over 20 years of age should have fasting lipids checked at least once every 5 years
Ischemic cardiovascular disease or people at high risk of cardiovascular disease should have their blood lipids checked once every 3-5 months
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their prevention and control principles
(2) Treatment principles of dyslipidemia
Diet therapy and change of poor lifestyle are the basis of treatment —- is applicable to any patient with dyslipidemia and must be adhered to for a long time
Pharmacological lipid regulation therapy – LDL-C should be the primary target
Lipid modifying therapy should be combined with lipid levels and other risk factors (see table)
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and principles of prevention and treatment
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their prevention and control principles
Statins are the mainstay of lipid-lowering therapy at present
Regarding simple hyper-TG and hypo-HDL-Cemia.
– Simple high TG >11.29mmol/L firstly for TG lowering treatment
–TG 5.56 to 11.29 mmol/L can be considered for TG-lowering therapy with insufficient evidence
–TG <5.56mmol/L should be LDL-C lowering primarily
–Low HDL-C is not conclusive for treatment
Review lipids, transaminases and creatine kinase 4 to 8 weeks after starting drug therapy
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
4.Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, systemic, metabolic disease caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
Diabetes is a chronic, systemic, metabolic disease caused by the interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors, mainly due to chronic hyperglycemia caused by insufficient insulin secretion and or impaired action – with fat. Protein and water, electrolyte and even acid-base metabolism disorders
nComplications are a major factor in death and disability
—- microvascular complications – retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
—- macrovascular complications – cardiac and cerebral peripheral vascular lesions
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients is 2 to 4 times higher than normal
It is an equal risk for coronary heart disease – 8-year survival of patients surviving without first MI of diabetes is similar to 8-year survival of those with diabetes without MI
Prevalence characteristics.
1. Prevalence is closely related to age and weight gain;
2. Higher prevalence in urban than in rural areas, and higher prevalence in large cities than in small cities;
3. Not much difference in gender
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their prevention and treatment principles
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
Diabetes treatment —- lifestyle improvement plus drugs
Emphasis on the control of multiple risk factors and the attainment of treatment
The first basic treatment of diabetes — dietary modification
—Control of total calories
—Carbohydrates 55% to 65% of total calories
—Protein ≤15%
—Limit alcohol consumption
—Control body weight
—Eat as little and as often as possible
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
Principles of drug treatment
Metformin is the first choice for most patients with type 2 diabetes;
If the body shape is thin or metformin alone cannot effectively control blood sugar, sulfonylurea or glinide hypoglycemic drugs can be added
For postprandial hyperglycemia, alpha glucosidase inhibitors can be used or added
For patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity, the first-line drug is cetazolidinediones.
If blood glucose cannot be controlled with more than 2 kinds of adequate hypoglycemic drugs, oral hypoglycemic drugs can be taken during daytime and medium-acting or super-long-acting insulin can be injected at bedtime. If it is still ineffective, insulin can be injected several times a day;
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
Patients with new-onset diabetes whose fasting blood glucose exceeds 9 mmol/L, postprandial blood glucose exceeds 15 mmol/L, or glycated hemoglobin exceeds 9% can be treated with short-term intensive insulin therapy.
Patients with acute cardiovascular events should routinely check blood glucose, — fasting >8mmol/L, postprandial >13mmol/L, and should control blood glucose with insulin as much as possible.
Pay attention to hypoglycemia caused by medication or overtreatment
Acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events can be combined with hyperglycemia, and examination of glycated hemoglobin can identify
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
5.Imbalanced diet
(1) Unbalanced diets that cause cardiovascular diseases mainly include.
— Excessive proportion of saturated fatty acid intake (saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid)
— Excessive intake of total calories
— Excessive intake of cholesterol
— Excessive intake of sodium and low intake of potassium
— Low intake of vegetables and fruits
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
nRational diet is one of the main measures to prevent and treat multiple risks of cardiovascular diseases and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases
(2) Basic features of a healthy diet for the general population.
— Total calories do not exceed the limit
—- fat provides about 25% of calories of which saturated fatty acids provide ≤10% of energy
— sodium intake <6g/d
— Adequate amount of vegetables and fruits
— Other protective dietary factors
Principles and measures of targeted dietary interventions for cardiovascular disease risk factors
Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their prevention and control principles
(3) Specific measures
①Reduce total dietary calories
No or less high-fat food (such as fatty meat, fried food, whole milk products) and high-sugar food
Reduce edible oil, control at 20g/d
Appropriate control of cereal intake, increase low energy density intake – vegetables and fruits
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
②Salt restriction
Total salt intake <6g/d
Reduce the salt used for cooking
Control soy sauce, yellow sauce, etc.
Do not eat foods and snacks with high salt content
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
③Limit alcohol consumption
Alcohol intake is <25g/d for men and <15g/d for women. 39 degree white wine contains 32.5% alcohol. Wine contains 13%-15% alcohol. Beer 4%
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
④Supplementation of dietary calcium-dairy and legumes
⑤ Supplement dietary fiber, antioxidant vitamins and potassium —- vegetables, fruits, coarse grains
⑥Lower cholesterol intake: lean meat <75g/d, egg yolk <4/week, avoid animal offal as much as possible
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
⑦Adjust fatty acid ratio
Choose vegetable oils containing unsaturated fatty acids as cooking oil – peanut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, olive oil
Reduce animal fat, palm oil, coconut oil and margarine; increase deep-sea fish and freshwater fish rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Moderate supplementation of hard fruits and legumes
Two words for a reasonable diet: namely, one, two, three, four, five, red, yellow, green, white and black.
”One” refers to the daily consumption of one bag of milk, which can effectively improve the phenomenon of low dietary calcium intake in China in general.
”Two” refers to the daily intake of carbohydrates 250 — 350 grams, that is, equivalent to 6 — 8 taels of staple food.
”Three” refers to the daily consumption of three servings of high-protein foods.
”Four” refers to four phrases: coarse and fine; not sweet and not salty; three, four, five meals (refers to a small number of meals); seven or eight minutes full.
”Five” refers to the daily intake of 500 grams of vegetables and fruits, which is essential for the prevention of hypertension and tumors.
”Red” refers to the daily consumption of a small amount of red wine 50 – 100 ml. Eat one to two tomatoes a day.
”Yellow” refers to yellow vegetables, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, etc., which can improve immunity in children and adults.
”Green” refers to green tea and dark green vegetables. It has the effect of anti-infection and anti-tumor.
”White” refers to oat flour or oatmeal. Eating oats is more effective for diabetic patients
”Black” refers to black fungus, which helps prevent blood clot formation.
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the world’s top ten junk food.
1, fried food ;
A, leading to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, fatty liver and other chronic diseases culprits.
B, containing a large number of strong carcinogenic substances, leading to a variety of cancer.
C, the destruction of vitamins, denaturing the protein.
2, pickled food ;
A, excessive kidney burden, leading to high blood pressure, stones, etc.
B, contains carcinogenic substances – amyl nitrite.
C, affecting the mucous membrane system is harmful to the gastrointestinal tract, prone to gastrointestinal diseases.
3, processed meat products; (jerky, meat loaf, sausages and other processed meat)
A, containing one of the three major carcinogenic substances: amyl nitrite (antiseptic and coloring effect).
B, containing a large number of preservatives (increase the burden on the liver).
4.Biscuit food;
A, too much food flavoring and coloring (burden on liver function).
B. Seriously destroy vitamins.
C, containing potential carcinogens – acrylonitrile.
5, soda drinks food;
A, containing phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, will take away a large amount of calcium in the body, corrosion of teeth, affecting the growth of children during the development period, leading to osteoporosis.
B, long-term consumption will lead to stomach pain, obesity, diabetes, esophageal cancer.
6, convenience foods; (including fast food, instant noodles and puffed food, etc.)
A, contains a lot of trans fatty acids.
B, too much salt, containing preservatives, flavors (damage to the liver and kidneys).
C, containing lead poisoning can not be eliminated, affecting the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, hematopoietic and other systems.
7, canned food; (including fish, meat and fruit)
A, destroy vitamins, denature proteins.
B, too much heat, very low nutrient content.
8, plum preserves food;
A, contains one of the three major carcinogenic substances: amyl nitrite (antiseptic and coloring effect).
B, too much salt, containing preservatives, flavors (damage to the liver and kidneys).
9, frozen dessert food; (ice cream, a variety of ice cream)
A, containing cream is very easy to cause obesity.
B, high sugar content leads to a decline in immune function.
10, barbecue food;
A, contains a large number of the first three carcinogenic substances of triphenyl tetrapropyl.
B, leading to protein charring denaturation (increase the burden on the kidneys and liver).
C, the World Health Organization published the results of the study said that eating barbecue equivalent to the toxicity of smoking.
The junk food mentioned above are high-calorie, junk food containing high levels of harmful substances.
The body can not consume so many calories, not to mention the elimination of so many toxins, coupled with the long-term lack of exercise will cause internal heat.
Chinese medicine is called “Yin deficiency”, “Yang deficiency”, “Qi deficiency”, “blood deficiency”. Modern medicine is called “sub-health”. In Chinese folk medicine, it is commonly known as “fire”.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and treatment principles
6.Overweight and obesity
Overweight and obesity and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality is a significant positive correlation
Excessive accumulation of fat in the body causes hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia and other risk factors to increase
Simple indicators of overweight and obesity – body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference
Normal BMI is 18.5~23.9kg/m2 , 24~27.9 — overweight ≥28 is obese
Adult waist circumference
<90/85 (male/female)
≥95/90 to start weight loss
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
7.Lack of physical activity
(1) The benefits of appropriate physical activity
① Direct protective effect – maintenance of vascular endothelial cell function and antioxidant;
(2) Indirect protective effects – increase blood flow to the heart and brain, improve microcirculation, reduce elevated blood pressure, lower blood sugar and insulin resistance, reduce dyslipidemia, reduce body weight and body fat;
③Improve the body’s ability to withstand hypoxia and ischemia
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
(2) Recommendations for physical activity for prevention of cardiovascular diseases
①For all age groups: at least 5 days a week, at least 30~45min of physical activity per day
②Promote aerobic exercise. Typical aerobic exercise are: walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, aerobics, dancing and rowing — including light warm-up 3~5min; endurance activity or aerobic exercise 20~30min; relaxation —5min
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
③Increasing physical activity should be gradual
④The intensity of exercise should be appropriate.
— Commonly used exercise intensity of two kinds:.
Low exercise intensity — 3~4 times/week, 20~30min/time continuous endurance training;
Medium exercise training, 3 times / week, 40 ~ 60min / time. Generally is the pulse to reach 60% of the age group. Small risk of cardiovascular disease reaches 75%
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their prevention and control principles
⑤ Pay attention to the adverse reactions during exercise
It is generally considered that the slight shortness of breath during exercise is significantly reduced within 4 min of rest as normal, otherwise it is too much exercise.
— 15% of health depends on heredity.
—10 % depends on social conditions.
—8 % depends on medical conditions.
—7 % depends on the natural environment.
— and 60% depends on one’s habitual life
—- can see the importance of lifestyle habits —- wellness