Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation of the pediatric genitourinary system, with an incidence of 3.2/1000 boys. typical hypospadias has three characteristics: ectopic urethral orifice, downward curvature of the penis and abnormal distribution of the foreskin. Hypospadias can be accompanied by such anomalies as hiatal hernia, cryptorchidism, prostatic capsule, and penile scrotal transposition. The treatment of hypospadias is divided into two steps: penile hypospadias correction and urethroplasty. The surgery can be performed in stages or in one stage. Currently, the main methods of urethroplasty can be divided into three types: (1) replacement of the urethra with an island flap with a vascular tip; (2) replacement of the urethra with a free graft; (3) replacement of the urethra with tissue adjacent to the urethral orifice. The incidence of pelvic ureteral junction stenosis is a common cause of pediatric hydronephrosis, with an incidence of 1/600~1/800. The cause can be inherent or external obstruction of the pelvic ureteral junction. The main causes of intrinsic obstruction are junctional stenosis, torsion, valves, polyps, and high ureteral openings. Extrinsic obstruction is mainly due to compression by ectopic vessels or fibrous cords. Those with significant evidence of pelvic-ureteral junction stenosis or progressive renal damage should be treated surgically. The most commonly used surgical procedure is dissecting pyeloureteroplasty, which can be accomplished by either an open or laparoscopic approach. Third, vesicoureteral reflux The normal ureteral-vesical junction allows only urine to pass from the ureter into the bladder, preventing urine from flowing backwards. When this valve-like function is impaired for some reason, it allows urine to flow backwards into the ureter and kidney, a phenomenon called vesicoureteral reflux. The incidence of reflux in the pediatric population is about 1%, but the incidence of reflux in children with urinary tract infections is about 29% to 50%. According to the degree of ureteropelvic dilatation, reflux can be classified as degree I,II,III,IV,V. Children with vesicoureteral reflux are prone to urinary tract infections, and repeated urinary tract infections can cause renal scarring, renal function impairment, and even renal failure in severe cases. Vesicoureteral reflux can disappear naturally in many children with growth and development, so children with Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ degree reflux can be treated with antibacterial drugs or prevent urinary tract infections to prevent inflammation from damaging the kidneys and gain time for reflux to disappear naturally. However, in cases such as IV and V degree reflux that cannot disappear naturally, reflux and obstruction coexist, ectopic ureteral orifice, ureteral opening in bladder diverticulum, and the infection cannot be controlled by drugs or the recurrence of infection cannot be prevented, it is necessary to perform anti-reflux ureteral bladder reanastomosis. Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis or incomplete testicular descent, refers to the failure of the testis to descend from the lumbar retroperitoneum to the scrotum according to the normal development process. The location of cryptorchid can be located in the abdomen (8%), inguinal canal (72%) and above the scrotum (20%). It is not difficult to diagnose cryptorchidism, and the diagnosis can be basically confirmed based on clinical manifestations and physical examination. Cryptorchidism that cannot be felt clinically can be localized with the help of ultrasound. After the diagnosis of cryptorchidism is clear, treatment should be carried out as soon as possible. Children within 1 year of age can be treated with hormone therapy, and those whose hormone therapy is ineffective and whose age is over 1 year should be treated with testicular fixation surgery. Cryptorchidism treatment should be completed before 2 years old.