(1) general treatment (1) rest: generally do not need to strictly limit the activities, severe edema, hypertension, bed, but should often change the position, to prevent vascular embolism complications; (2) diet: edema children should be low-salt (2g/d), severe edema, hypertension should be given to a salt-free diet; severe edema, appropriate water restriction; moderate amount of high-quality protein 2g/kg / d; pay attention to the supplementation of vitamin D (500 ~ 1000IU / d and calcium). 1000IU/d) and calcium. (3) Prevention and treatment of infection: strengthen skin care; avoid going to public places; vaccination should be carried out 3 months after the symptoms are relieved and medication is discontinued; for those who are exposed to measles and chickenpox, hormone should be temporarily reduced and gammaglobulin should be injected. (4) The application of diuretics: hormone-sensitive people can be diuretic after 7 to 10 days of medication, generally do not need to give diuretics; edema is serious with thoracic and abdominal fluid and respiratory difficulties, due to other reasons can not take hormones, or hormone insensitive people, diuretics can be given to improve the systemic situation. Commonly used hydrochlorothiazide (2~5mg/kg/d), spironolactone (3~5mg/kg/d), (1~2mg/kg each time); for those with obvious edema and relatively insufficient blood volume, low molecular dextrose anhydride can be given 10ml/kg/times, and furosemide can be pushed staticly after rapid sedation (about one hour); as far as possible, no salt-free albumin or plasma is used. Care must be taken to prevent hypovolemic shock and postural hypotension during massive diuresis. 2. Hormone therapy is currently the drug of choice for inducing remission in nephrotic syndrome. (1) Medium and long term therapy: commonly used in China. Prednisone 2mg/kg/d (the maximum dose of 60mg/d), divided into doses, urine protein negative after 2 weeks (the shortest 4 weeks, the longest generally does not exceed 8 weeks), changed to 2mg/kg every other day after breakfast, following the service for 4 weeks, and then every 2 ~ 4 weeks to reduce 2.5 ~ 5mg, until the drug is discontinued. Total course of treatment: 6 months for medium course therapy, 9 months for long course therapy. (2) Short-course therapy: commonly used abroad. Prednisone 2mg/kg/d, the largest amount of 60mg/d, divided into oral, urine protein negative 2 weeks, changed to 1.5mg/kg every other day in the morning tonic, 4 ~ 6 weeks after the sudden cessation of the drug, the total course of treatment 8 ~ 12 weeks. (3) the judgment of hormone efficacy: prednisone 1.5~2mg/kg treatment for 8 weeks evaluation, sensitive: 8 weeks within the urine protein negative, edema subside; drug resistance: treatment for 8 weeks, urine protein is still > + + +; dependence: hormone sensitivity, but reduce the amount of drug or stop within 2 weeks of the recurrence, restore the amount of drug or once again with the drug again and relief, repeat 2~3 times; recurrence or repeated: urine protein negative, stop hormone more than 4 weeks, and then > + + for recurrence. Urine protein >++ is considered to be recurrence; if the above changes occur during hormone medication, it is considered to be recurrence; Frequent recurrence or repetition: refers to recurrence or repetition for half a year >2 times, 1 year >3 times. 3. Treatment of relapse or recurrence: (1) prolongation of hormone therapy: continue to use prednisone 2.5-5mg (or 0.25mg/kg) orally every other day after the end of the course of treatment to prevent relapse, and the duration of the medication can be as long as 1.5~2 years. (2) Immunosuppressants: ①Cyclophosphamide: after treatment with prednisone and negative urine protein, cyclophosphamide is added, 2~2.5mg/kg/d, taken orally in 2~3 times, for 8~12 weeks; Side effects: nausea, vomiting, alopecia, leukopenia, liver damage, hemorrhagic cystitis and gonadal damage. Therefore, the drug should be taken after meals to reduce gastrointestinal reactions, drink more water, check blood every 1~2 weeks, the total number of leukocytes <4´109/L should be reduced; 109/L when the drug is discontinued. Cyclophosphamide cumulative amount <200~250mg/kg. ② Other: cyclosporine A, tretinoin, mycophenolate mofetil. (3) Levamisole: 2.5mg/kg, taken orally every other day for 1~1.5 years 4. Corticosteroid-resistant treatment (1) Continue to induce remission: ① Prolong the induction period of prednisone: i.e., prednisone 1.5~2mg/kg/d is used for 10~12 weeks before changing to every other day, and remission can be obtained after 8 weeks in some cases. ② Methylprednisolone shock therapy: 15~30mg/kg/dose (maximum <1g/d), dissolved in 10% dextrose 100~250ml, 1~2 hours of sedation, once a day or every other day, 3 times for a course of treatment. May repeat 1~2 courses of treatment. (iii) Cyclophosphamide oral or shock therapy: 8~10mg/kg/d, add appropriate amount of saline or dextrose solution for intravenous drip for 1 hour, 1 time/d, for 2 days, repeat the above 2 days of shock at half-month intervals, the cumulative amount of <150mg/kg. (iv) Cyclosporine A: 5~7mg/kg/d, divided into 3 times orally, to maintain the blood concentration of 200~300ng/ml, the course of treatment for 3~6 months; side effects: renal failure, the number of patients with chronic kidney disease, the number of patients with chronic kidney disease, the number of patients with chronic kidney disease, the number of patients with chronic kidney disease, the number of patients with chronic kidney disease. ~6 months; side effects: renal damage, hypertension, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia and hypomagnesemia, sodium retention, hirsutism and gingival hyperplasia. (5) In recent years, mycophenolate mofetil and melphalan have been applied to the treatment and achieved certain efficacy. (2) Proteinuria-lowering treatment: because a large amount of proteinuria causes glomerular hyperfiltration will promote glomerulosclerosis, so proteinuria-lowering has the role of preventing glomerulosclerosis and deterioration of renal function, and commonly used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: enalapril, benadryl, losartan and so on. 5. Others: Anticoagulation: heparin, pansentin, urokinase, etc. can prevent and control thrombosis and reduce proteinuria.