Chest wall vascular congestion is one of the clinical manifestations of superior vena cava compression syndrome. In an analysis of the clinical manifestations of 371 cases of superior vena cava compression syndrome in one group, chest wall vascular filling was reported in 54% of cases. The signs and symptoms of superior vena cava compression syndrome are related to the duration of compression, the degree of compression the site of compression. The short duration and the degree of obstruction are often severe and conversely, the condition is more moderate. Clinical symptoms include cough, headache and swelling, nausea, vision changes, hoarseness and dysphagia, and convulsions. The signs and symptoms of superior vena cava compression syndrome are related to the duration of compression, the degree of compression, and the site of compression. The condition is often severe when the duration is short and the degree of obstruction is high. Conversely, the condition is more moderate. Clinical symptoms include cough, headache, head swelling, nausea, vision changes, hoarseness, dysphagia, and convulsions. Physical examination reveals facial edema, a thick, polycythemic neck, and angry blood vessels in the neck as well as in the chest. Dilated veins are seen in the chest wall and upper abdominal wall when the odd vein is obstructed, and dilated venous branches are seen in the upper chest if the obstruction is at the end of the superior vena cava and the connection of the odd vein. In case of severe obstruction of the superior vena cava, signs of airway obstruction (as wheezing) or elevated cranial pressure may appear, which should be rapidly diagnosed and treated. Malignant lymphoma and small cell lung cancer complicating this severe condition often have a good outcome with chemotherapy. In the analysis of clinical manifestations reported in 371 cases of superior vena cava compression syndrome in one group, facial swelling accounted for 63%, head swelling for 50%, coughing for 24%, upper limb swelling for 18%, chest pain for 15%, dysphagia for 9%, jugular venous filling for 60%, chest wall vascular filling for 54%, facial edema for 46%, polycythemia for 19%, bruising for 20%, and upper limb edema for 19%. Superior vena cava compression syndrome is easily diagnosed when the typical signs and symptoms are present. CT-enhanced scans are often used, and MRI is also available to show masses, thrombi, and collateral circulation. x-ray is most commonly used, and Parish et al. reported chest x-ray findings in 80 cases of superior vena cava compression syndrome: upper mediastinal widening in 64%, pleural effusion in 26%, and right hilar mass in 26%. 26%, right hilar mass 12%, inflammatory pulmonary infiltrates 7%, paratracheal lymph nodes 5%, mediastinal masses 3%, and normal chest x-ray presentation 16%. Superior vena cava compression syndrome often occurs in the course of tumor progression. In most cases, the etiological diagnosis is relatively easy, but in a small number of patients the etiological diagnosis is more difficult. In clinical work, the etiological diagnosis should be made first, and in the case of difficult etiological diagnosis, there should also be sufficient clinical evidence before treatment, otherwise, anti-tumor treatment is not appropriate.