Freckles are brown pigmented spots that occur on the face and neck and other exposed areas, with a genetic tendency and characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance. Sun exposure, ultraviolet rays and X-rays can promote the production of freckles and aggravate the skin lesions. The number of melanocytes in the epidermis of freckles does not increase, but the number of melanosomes increases significantly, and their morphology becomes larger, with more dendrites and longer, with more completely blackened melanosomes and rod-shaped, similar to the melanocytes of the black race, while the epidermis does not change. Most of the freckles appear around the age of 3 to 5 years, more often in women. Their number increases gradually with age. It occurs on the face, especially on the nose and cheeks, and can involve exposed areas such as the neck, shoulders and back of the hands; there is no rash on non-exposed areas. The lesions are light brown or dark brown pinhead-sized to green bean-sized rashes, round, oval or irregular. They are scattered or clustered and do not fuse in isolation. No conscious symptoms. The number, size and color of pigmented spots depend on the amount of sunlight absorbed and the tolerance of the individual to sunlight. The number, size and color of pigmented spots depend on the amount of sunlight absorbed and the individual’s tolerance to sunlight. There is often a family history. There are usually the following treatment methods. Erosional and destructive treatment, such as liquid nitrogen freezing, trichloroacetic acid or phenol dabbing, mechanical grinding, high frequency electricity and ordinary CO2 laser, can make freckles peel off, but the above treatments are not selective to skin lesions and often cause some sequelae. It is also painful and difficult for patients to accept. Second, drug treatment for freckles Principle: drugs mainly interfere with the biosynthesis of melanin, reduce skin pigmentation or prevent ultraviolet light from acting on the skin to achieve the effect of treating freckles. 1.Internal medication: taking vitamin C and vitamin E has therapeutic effect on freckles. 2.External medication Use sunscreen when going out, such as titanium dioxide cream, zinc oxide ointment, para-aminobenzoic acid cream or solution, etc. Hydrogen peroxide solution, hydroquinone cream can obtain temporary therapeutic effect. Too large a dose of internal or external medication and too long a course of treatment can produce adverse reactions. Topical drugs can cause skin irritation, dry skin, and corrosive effects when applied for a long period of time or in improper doses. Generally, internal medication should be taken for 2-3 months; external medication should be used to determine the course of treatment according to the severity of freckles and individual differences. Physical treatment of freckles 1.Laser treatment of freckles Technical principle: Laser treatment of freckles can penetrate the laser beam through the epidermis and dermis (like light penetrating glass) and enter the lesion without damaging the normal skin tissue, and the laser energy is released in a very short time. The melanin particles will be completely broken under the powerful laser radiation, and then metabolized with the clearance of human phagocytes, so that the freckles can be cured. 2.Photon therapy for freckles Technical principle: Photon is a new optical technology for treating freckles. When the light energy of a wavelength released by photons reaches melanocytes, the melanocytes absorb the light energy and then turn into heat energy, the latter increases the temperature of melanocytes, and when it rises to a high enough level, these cells are destroyed, causing the lesions to disintegrate, while there is almost no non-specific damage to the surrounding tissues. Photon therapy for freckles can also achieve satisfactory results. At present, the best technical means for freckle treatment is laser or photon therapy, which can not only treat freckles but also other pigmented skin diseases such as pigmented nevus, melasma, coffee spots, etc. It is very effective. It can also perform cosmetic items such as photon whitening, photorejuvenation, wrinkle removal and hair removal. After the prognosis, we should try to avoid or reduce the exposure to the sun or apply sunscreen-type light-avoiding agent to reduce the occurrence of freckles or the deepening of freckle color. General care of freckles 1.Adjustment of living habits: Quit bad habits, such as smoking, drinking and staying up late. Pay attention to rest and ensure sufficient sleep. Insufficient sleep will easily lead to gray and black skin. 2.Avoid stimulating food: Stimulating food tends to make the skin aging and freckles aggravated. Especially coffee, cola, strong tea, cigarettes, wine, etc. 3.Eat less or no photosensitive drugs and foods: such as psoralen, methoxsalen, spinach, rape, ashwort, purple yew, horsetail, amaranth, etc. 4, to prevent a variety of ionizing radiation: including a variety of glass-shell display, a variety of fluorescent lamps, X-ray machines, ultraviolet irradiators, etc.. All these undesirable stimuli can produce consequences similar to strong sunlight irradiation, and even greater damage than sunlight irradiation, which results in the aggravation of pigmentation. 5.Adjust your emotion: keep your mood relaxed and happy, avoid the mental state of worry and depression.