Kidney stone surgeries commonly include ureteral flexible lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, and open surgical stone removal, each with its own way of performing the surgery. Ureteral flexible lithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure for stones up to 2cm in diameter. The procedure involves the use of a relatively long, thin mirror that enters the bladder through the external urethral orifice and then travels up through the ureter to the collecting system of the kidneys, where a laser is applied to break up the stone. Large particles are removed with a mesh basket and small particles wait to be expelled by the body itself. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive procedure in which a slim puncture needle is delivered into the kidney through a channel created by a percutaneous nephrolithotomy fistula, a nephrolithoscope is placed, and an ultrasonic ballistic lithotripter or neodymium laser is used to break up the stone and remove it. Open surgical removal of stones is done by cutting through the kidney, but is more damaging and is less commonly used in non-emergency situations. Whether kidney stones need surgery and the choice of surgery depends on the size and shape of the stone, as well as the location of the stone and the patient’s physical condition. If the patient is diagnosed with kidney stones, the specific treatment plan should be considered by the treating doctor in conjunction with the results of the examination and the patient’s physical condition, and it is recommended that the patient actively consult a doctor for examination and cooperate with the treatment.