Esophageal cancer is a malignant neoplastic disease of the esophagus. Moderately differentiated represents that the patient’s cancer cells are moderately differentiated, which corresponds to a moderate degree of malignancy, while squamous carcinoma means that the patient’s cancer cells are of squamous epithelial origin. Cancer is a type of malignant neoplastic disease with many different classifications. According to its site of occurrence, it can be classified into different types such as liver cancer, esophageal cancer and stomach cancer. The degree of differentiation of cancer cells is related to their malignancy, the higher the degree of differentiation, the lower the degree of malignancy. According to the degree of differentiation of cancer cells, they can be classified into different types, such as poorly-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and highly-differentiated. According to the source of cancer cells, cancer can be classified into different types such as squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Moderately differentiated squamous esophageal cancer means that the patient’s cancer cells occur in the esophagus, the differentiation degree is medium, moderately malignant, and the source of cancer cells is squamous epithelium. Clinically, cancers are categorized according to different characteristics, and doctors can take appropriate treatment according to the specific conditions of the patient’s cancer.