First, the causes of preprandial hyperglycemia and countermeasures 1, one of the causes: the “Sumuji” phenomenon Measures: monitoring the night (especially in the early morning) blood glucose, to confirm that there was a hypoglycemic episode in the night, which led to a rebound increase in fasting blood glucose the next day, that is, the so-called “Sumuji” phenomenon. The so-called “Sumuj” phenomenon. By appropriately reducing the dose of oral hypoglycemic drugs (or medium- and long-acting insulin before bedtime) before dinner to avoid nighttime hypoglycemic episodes, fasting blood glucose can be returned to normal. Reason No. 2: Short maintenance time or insufficient dosage Measures: The same should be monitored at night, and the patient should be thoroughly excluded from having hypoglycemic episodes at night. Medium- and long-acting oral hypoglycemic drugs, such as glimepiride, Damicarbon extended-release tablets, metformin extended-release tablets, etc., can be chosen to be taken orally before dinner; or medium- and long-acting insulin, such as Norethindrone N, Glycine Insulin (Ledbetter), etc., can be injected subcutaneously at night before going to bed, and the dose of the drug can be adjusted as appropriate according to the results of blood glucose monitoring until the blood glucose is satisfactorily controlled. Reason No. 3: Excessive amount of meals at night Measures: The amount of meals should be moderate, do not add a lot of meals. Attention: the time of meal refilling is very important, should be chosen before the occurrence of hypoglycemia meal refilling, generally choose in the evening before bedtime around 10:00; if the occurrence of hypoglycemia and then go to refill the meal, tend to eat a lot, is not conducive to blood glucose control. Reason 4: poor sleep at night Measures: maintain emotional stability, learn to relax, avoid excessive agitation, if necessary, with the use of sedative sleeping drugs. Second, the causes of postprandial hyperglycemia and countermeasures 1, one of the reasons: eating too much, or eating food with a high glycemic index Measures: dietary control of the basis of diabetes treatment, in any case should be adhered to, even if it is the use of medication for the patient is no exception, there is no good dietary control, and then the good drugs are useless. Adjustment methods are as follows (1) control the amount of food, each meal can eat seven, eight full (generally no more than 2 two). (2) In order to reduce the hunger between meals, the main food as much as possible to choose dietary fiber content of coarse grains or whole grains, to take the “eat less, eat more”. (3) rice, sticky porridge “glycemic index” is higher, can significantly increase postprandial blood sugar, so diabetics try not to drink or drink less rice. (4) Eat less greasy food, because fatty foods contain high calories. Reason No. 2: Improper use of medication, or incorrect usage, or insufficient dosage of medication Measures: Reasonable choice of medication is very crucial to the control of postprandial blood glucose. Oral hypoglycemic agents mainly used to reduce postprandial blood glucose can be chosen from Glargine (e.g. Novolog, Tang Li), α-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. Bactrim, Bexin), Glucosamine, etc., and insulin should be chosen from ultrashort-acting insulin analogs (e.g. Novolog, Ulor) or short-acting insulin (e.g. Novolog R, Ulorin R). In addition, drug usage is also important, for example, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors require chewing with the first bite of meal, Novaluron requires immediate dosing before meal, Novalurin R requires subcutaneous injection half an hour before meal, and Novalurin requires subcutaneous injection immediately before meal. If not used correctly, the efficacy will be greatly reduced. Of course, if the choice of drugs and usage are not a problem and blood sugar is still high, you can increase the amount of drugs or take a combination of drugs. Reason No. 3: Lack of proper exercise after meal Measures: Proper exercise after meal can consume body heat and assist in lowering postprandial hyperglycemia. It is generally recommended to start exercising half an hour after meals, and should choose aerobic forms of exercise (such as jogging, brisk walking, etc.), the intensity of the exercise should not be too large, and the time should be mastered in 30~45 minutes. Note: Do not do intense anaerobic exercise, the latter can stimulate sympathetic nerve excitation, but will raise blood sugar. Reasons and countermeasures for high pre-meal and post-meal blood glucose The reasons for elevated fasting blood glucose and post-meal blood glucose were discussed in the previous section, mainly for the purpose of analyzing the reasons. In fact, simple fasting or postprandial blood glucose is not too many cases, more often than not, both are high, or to one side of the elevation of the main. Fasting and postprandial glucose affect each other. Fasting blood glucose reflects the basal blood glucose level, and postprandial blood glucose is a further increase above the basal level; in turn, poor control of postprandial blood glucose will also affect the preprandial blood glucose (or fasting blood glucose) at the next meal, causing it to rise. For the treatment of both pre-meal and post-meal high blood glucose, it is necessary to take both into account, but also to prioritize. In addition to dietary adjustments and moderate exercise, the use of medication advocates the adoption of “combination of long and short”, “combined use of drugs”. Long-acting drugs (e.g. Glimepiride, Damicarbon extended-release tablets, Norethindrone N, Glycine Insulin, etc.) are mainly used to control fasting blood glucose, while short-acting drugs (e.g. Norethindrone, Bactroban, Norethindrone, Norethindrone, Norethindrone, etc.) are mainly used to control postprandial blood glucose. It should also be noted that stressful situations such as severe infections, high fever, surgical trauma, etc. can also cause significant increases in blood glucose, both fasting and postprandial. Therefore, patients with unsatisfactory glycemic control must be careful to exclude stressors such as infections and treat them promptly.