Measles is a common acute respiratory infection in children caused by measles virus. The main clinical manifestations are fever, upper respiratory tract infection (cough, runny nose), conjunctivitis, oral measles mucosal spots (also known as koplik’s spots) and skin specific maculopapular rash. The disease is highly contagious and easily complicated by pneumonia. In 1965, China’s homemade live attenuated measles vaccine was widely used, resulting in a significant reduction in the incidence of measles and mortality rates. The WHO estimates that approximately 1.4 million children die each year from measles worldwide. In recent years, there has been a nationwide measles epidemic with the youngest age of onset at 2 months of age and the oldest at 63 years of age, with 90% of those over 5 years of age. The onset of measles in infants before 8 months of age and the emergence of measles in older age are new changes in the recent measles epidemic and present new challenges to measles vaccination procedures. Treatment of measles No specific treatment, the principles of treatment are: intensive care, symptomatic treatment and prevention of infection. 1, general treatment: bed rest, keep indoor air circulation, pay attention to temperature and humidity. Keep the eyes, nose, mouth and ears clean and avoid bright light stimulation. Give easily digestible and nutritious food, and replenish sufficient amount of water. 2. Symptomatic treatment: If the body temperature does not exceed 40C during the prodromal period and rash period, the fever is usually not reduced. If the body temperature > 40C with convulsions or past history of heat shock can be appropriately lowered, irritability can be given appropriate sedatives. For frequent and severe cough, non-narcotic cough suppressants or ultrasonic nebulized inhalation can be used. Antibiotics may be given for secondary bacterial infections. Vitamin A supplementation for pediatric measles is beneficial to the recovery of the disease and can reduce the occurrence of complications. Chinese herbal medicine can be added to the treatment when available. 3, treatment of complications: those with complications are given the appropriate treatment. Prevention of measles The key measure to prevent measles is to vaccinate susceptible persons against measles to improve their immunity. 1, control the source of infection: early detection, early reporting, early isolation, early treatment of measles patients, generally isolated until 5 days after the rash, combined with pneumonia extended to 10 days after the rash. Exposure to measles susceptible persons should be quarantined and observed for 3 weeks and given passive immunization. 2, cut off the transmission route: the patient had lived in the room should be ventilated and ultraviolet radiation, patient clothing should be exposed to the sun. During the epidemic season, susceptible children should go to public places as little as possible. 3, protection of susceptible people (1) active immunization: the use of live attenuated measles vaccine vaccination, the age of first vaccination is 8 months after birth, 7 years old when the re-vaccination once. If a susceptible person is vaccinated within 2 days of contact with a patient, it is still possible to prevent the onset or reduce the disease. (2) Passive immunization: Immune serum globulin 0,25 ml/kg given immediately after exposure to measles within 5 days can prevent the onset of disease. If the dosage is insufficient or used on the 5th to 9th day after exposure to measles, it can only reduce the symptoms. Passive immunity can only last 3 to 8 weeks, after which active immunity should be taken. 4, to carry out the monitoring of genetic variation of measles virus: the virus isolated after the 1980s in the antigenicity and biological properties of the variation has occurred, should be closely monitored for genetic variation and antigenic changes in the wild type of measles virus, from molecular virology to study these changes in depth, to make efforts to eventually eliminate measles.