First, the harm to cardiovascular:
1, obesity on the direct impact of cardiovascular, by causing changes in hemodynamics and left ventricular hypertrophy, accelerating the formation of atherosclerosis, leading to arrhythmias, increasing the risk of thrombosis and causing a series of pathophysiological changes;
2, obesity aggravates the condition of existing cardiovascular disease, inducing cardiovascular disease symptoms;
3, obesity can produce and cardiovascular disease similar symptoms, such as breathing difficulties, edema and angina pectoris, etc.;
4, obesity accompanied and induced other important risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia or lipoprotein abnormalities, diabetes and insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia, etc., synergistic and strengthen the risk of coronary heart disease and the harm to the cardiovascular system. Obese children have higher blood lipids than normal weight children. For example, total cholesterol; triglycerides; LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein, and atherosclerotic index are significantly higher.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure are also significantly elevated. Dyslipidemia is a high risk factor for atherosclerosis. Hyperlipidemia and hypertension are risk factors for stroke and coronary heart disease. Studies have shown that with the aggravation of obesity, the risk of coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure hypertension, sudden death, cerebral vascular sclerosis, cerebral hemorrhage of obese children will also increase significantly. Obesity also increases the incidence of varicose veins.
Second, endocrine, metabolic disorders:
Obese patients have both hyperinsulinemia, C peptide secretion increases, and at the same time there is insulin resistance, resulting in reduced glucose tolerance or diabetes. The incidence of diabetes in obese patients is significantly higher than that in non-obese patients, with a reported 10-fold increase in incidence. Obese children are about twice as likely to develop type 2 diabetes as non-obese children.
In addition, obese people have higher total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and free fatty acids, and lower HDL, which is the basis for atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, gallstone disease and other diseases. Obese people with abnormal purine metabolism, increased blood uric acid, so that the incidence of gout is significantly higher than normal people. Female obese people have more amenorrhea and infertility, male obese people have more obvious sex hormone changes, more impotence and infertility, class non-testicular disease.
Third, obesity and respiratory system:
Obese children’s pulmonary ventilation function research found that obese children’s lung volume, resting ventilation, maximum ventilation, compensatory expiratory rate and other indicators of lean body mass index and body mass index are significantly lower than the control group. In obese patients, when there is more fat in the chest and abdomen, the diaphragm is elevated and the lung capacity is reduced, which causes difficulty in breathing during activities; pulmonary capillary gas exchange is reduced and the difficulty in ventilation leads to CO2 retention (PCO2 often exceeds 48 mmHg), cyanosis, hypoxia, and even secondary erythrocytosis, pulmonary hypertension, and increased right heart load, resulting in chronic pulmonary heart disease and then heart failure. Normally, due to the tendency of hypoxia and CO2 retention, the patient is lethargic and drowsy.
This syndrome is called Pickwickian syndrome, that is, obesity cardiopulmonary insufficiency syndrome, also known as alveolar hypoventilation syndrome. In addition, can also cause sleep apnea syndrome. In obese children, due to the accumulation of chest wall fat, compression of the thorax, resulting in increased mechanical load, restricted expansion of the thorax, reduced compliance, and restricted diaphragmatic movement. The main manifestations are restrictive ventilation dysfunction, significantly lower spirometry index [spirometry index = spirometry (ml) weight (kg)], and increased number of respiratory diseases in obese children. This indicates that obesity not only affects pulmonary ventilation, but also reduces respiratory resistance. Obesity in children is also associated with asthma, which is a complication of obesity and can either trigger asthma in children or exacerbate existing asthma symptoms.
A long-term cohort study found that girls who became overweight and obese between the ages of 6 and 11 years had seven times more asthma over the next three years than girls of normal weight, and that those girls with previous asthma symptoms had more severe asthma after the onset of obesity; this was not observed in boys, possibly because of gender differences, and female hormones may have a direct or indirect effect on the onset of asthma. or indirectly on the occurrence of asthma.
Fourth, obesity and digestive system:
Obese people have more hyperactive stomach, good hunger and more food, constipation and bloating is more common. Obese children’s digestive system diseases (15%) is significantly higher than the normal population (4%), obese people can have different degrees of liver fatty degeneration and enlargement, male obese degeneration incidence of almost 2 3, female accounted for 1 2. 58% to 74% of obese people suffer from fatty liver, the chance of fatty liver in obese people is higher than non-obese people about 4 6 times. The occurrence of fatty liver is the result of the accumulation of a large amount of lipoproteins in the liver cells. Those with cholelithiasis have a history of indigestion and biliary colic attacks. In addition, the incidence of cholecystitis is also higher than the non-obese population.
Five, obesity and malignant tumors:
The incidence of malignant tumors increases in obese people, men with obesity have a high incidence of colon cancer, rectal cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer in female patients is 2 to 3 times higher than normal women, the incidence of breast cancer after menopause increases with weight, gallbladder and bile duct cancer is also more common.
Sixth, obesity increases the burden of holding the weight of the joints, so that the incidence of degenerative joint disease or arthritis increased significantly. Obese people stone (such as gallbladder stones, kidney stones) the incidence of increased.
Seven, the incidence of infectious diseases increased.
Children’s respiratory tract infections and skin infections and other disease prevalence obese group is significantly higher than the control group, suggesting that obese children’s immune function is reduced. Obese children with high blood lipid content, plasma cholesterol concentration increases, can inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes, blood unsaturated fatty acid concentration increases can also inhibit the generation of lymphocytes, so that macrophages to remove antigen ability is weakened.
Obesity is easy to make the skin brittle increase, easy to occur dermatitis, rubbing, and easy to combine purulent or fungal infection. The immune function of simple obese children has more obvious disorder, and the low cellular immune function is the most prominent. The ratio of mature T lymphocytes (CD3+), helper induced T lymphocytes (CD4+), helper T lymphocytes and suppressor T lymphocytes (CD4+ CD8+) in the blood lymphocyte subpopulation is significantly lower than that of normal children.
In addition, the main component of human serum antibodies is immunoglobulin IgG, accounting for 20% to 80% of serum immunoglobulin, obese children IgG, IgM are lower than normal children, reflecting the normal body fluids of obese children non-specific protection of the immune level and immune cell activity than normal children have decreased, so the prevalence of obese pediatric infectious diseases, morbidity and mortality rate than normal children significantly higher.
Eight, slow intellectual development.
Obese children are lower than control group children. Because of the high fat content of obese children, the lungs reduce the effective breathing volume, resulting in relative lack of oxygen supply to the brain; due to brain hypoxia, adenosine triphosphate reduction, nerve synapse function is reduced, so that the nerve fiber conduction speed is slowed down, resulting in brain thinking, analysis of interproblem ability is reduced, resulting in effector response is slow, poor performance operation ability, inflexible movement.
Obese children look clumsy, introverted personality or even withdrawn, and prevented the development of intelligence. It is also shown that the Wechsler verbal IQ, operational IQ and total IQ of obese children are significantly lower than that of the control group, and their academic performance is significantly worse than that of normal children, suggesting that obese children have low learning ability. However, some studies also reported that the IQ of obese children was not significantly different from that of normal weight children. Therefore, scholars believe that obese children’s poor learning performance is not due to the impact of intelligence, but by the obesity brought about by factors such as psychological pressure.
Nine, psychological behavior abnormalities.
Because of obese children’s clumsy movements, they are often rejected and ridiculed in group activities, seriously damaging their self-esteem, affecting the development of their social skills, and in the long run, depression, low self-esteem, isolation and other emotional changes, forming a passive, retreating personality. Obese children’s psychological depression than the physical damage is more harmful, and not easy to detect, on children’s personality, temperament, character and the development of future ability have far-reaching impact. Whether in the East or in the West, people have a certain prejudice for obesity, think that obesity is lazy, clumsy, lack of self-control of the performance. Due to the influence of body size, inflexible movements, obese children in all aspects of daily life often lag behind normal children’s performance, vulnerable to discrimination by others.
It is reported that 47% of non-obese children and 8% of obese children are not willing to interact with obese children, and compared with non-obese children, obese children have a high proportion of rejection, often teased by others, and poor peer relations. Therefore, obese children have more psychological problems than non-obese children, and obese girls tend to be at greater risk of psychological problems than obese boys. Psychological problems often lead to obese children’s social adjustment, activities, social and learning ability is reduced, often manifested as introversion, depression, anxiety and increased schizoid behavior.
Strauss found that about 34% of white obese girls aged 13-14 years (BMI >95% percentile) underestimated themselves, while only 8% of non-obese white girls underestimated themselves. National studies have also found that obese children’s self-evaluation scores were significantly lower than those of normal-weight children and correlated significantly with the degree of obesity. These studies show that low self-evaluation or behavior problems are usually closely linked to obesity, and this psychological problems with age and growth.
Ten, sexual development.
Female menarche age of 11 .5 years for the obese group, the control group is 13.5 years old, obese group significantly earlier than the control group. Obese female serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate content is significantly higher than the control group, and the age of menarche and breast, pubic hair development are earlier than the control group, showing that obese female sexual development and sexual maturity are significantly earlier than the control group. The increase of testosterone content has a significant effect on the development of sexual characteristics and sexual maturity.
Fat can multivalently chelate dehydroepiandrosterone, so increased body fat can cause increased secretion of adrenal hormones, and under the influence of biologically active hormones, the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to the threshold of circulating sex hormones, thus initiating sexual maturation. Obese children show a tendency to precocious sexual maturation under the influence of higher endocrine hormones. According to research, early sexual development can cause changes in sexual consciousness and behavior, which will lead to early and more confusion, fear, anxiety and other psychological states about sex, which will affect their study and life to a certain extent.
Thus, they are prone to precocious sexual maturity and psychosexual perversion, early love and even sexual mistakes. Li Hongquan conducted a cross-sectional survey on 730 male children aged 8 and 10 years old. The results showed that excessive obesity in prepubertal period had sexual organ dysplasia. Ding Degang measured body mass index (BMI), hip circumference ratio (WHR), degree of pubic hair development, incidence of first ejaculation, penis size, testicular volume, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), and prolactin (PRL) in 58 purely obese adolescents (obese group) and 46 normal weight individuals of the same age and height (control group). The results showed that obesity induced sexual development in male adolescents. The results showed that obesity caused delayed sexual development in male adolescents.
Obesity can cause abnormal sexual development in boys – obesity reproductive incompetence. This disease is characterized by the disappearance of secondary sexual characteristics (such as male beard, laryngeal protrusion, low tone), the absence of manly style, serious people will feel hopeless life, despite having married, but can not have children, so that the family overshadowed. The earlier this patient is detected and treated, the better the results. The cause of the disease is juvenile obesity, fatty deposits, fatty posterior pituitary gland, resulting in the loss of pituitary function, can not release male hormone, easy to appear Koo pill shrinkage, penis does not develop, the formation of small Xin pill, small penis and lack of secondary sexual characteristics, feminization and other pathologies.
Meng Guozhu tested the testicular volume, penile transverse diameter and length, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (TTT), prolactin (PRL) and cortisol in 42 male simple obese children aged 8 to 14 years and compared them with normal controls. Conclusion shows that male children with simple obesity have a tendency to sexual dysplasia. Obese boys are most likely to have abnormal gonadal development, often manifesting as obesity, delayed movement and response, poor testicular development, often combined with cryptorchidism or retracted testes, short penis development, and concealed penis body in the subcutaneous fatty tissue. Simple obesity is prevalent before puberty.
The children have more subcutaneous fat but evenly distributed, facial fat accumulation, breast enlargement, symptoms of feminization of male breast; penis trapped in the pubic mound tissue, testicles shrunken in the groin and other symptoms, often accompanied by endocrine abnormalities, rapid physical development, height more than the same age children, normal or increased bone age, puberty can be early, may cause lifelong short. The duration of childbirth is short. If puberty, due to obesity causes short penis, cryptorchid, androgen secretion is insufficient, then external genitalia and secondary sex characteristics do not develop and remain infantile, while no sperm production and maturation.
Eleven, affect the development of children’s physical function quality:
The physical quality of the United States children research found that the physical quality of obese children is poorer than the average child, mainly in terms of obese children in the movement of speed, endurance, explosive power, coordination, etc. than non-obese children, but in the back muscle strength, grip strength and static force is not a big difference. The reason some people think is obese children’s brain to accept external information and dominate the limb reaction speed is slower, too much fat affects the speed of muscle contraction and explosive force, excessive weight affects the coordination of body movement and flexibility.
Twelve, the impact on the social situation and economic income in adulthood.
Obesity on children’s future adult social conditions and economic income has a negative impact, this impact on the girl’s impact is much stronger than the impact on the boy. sar gent on 12537 British children born in 1958 cohort study shows that, after controlling the social class, IQ and other confounding factors, 16 years old when the body mass index in the 90th percentile or more obese girls, they are in The average income at age 23 was about 7 percent lower than that of girls whose BMI was below the 90th percentile at that time, and the average income of the 1 percent of obese girls who were overweight was 11 4 percent lower than that of normal-weight control girls at the same time, and this income difference persisted regardless of whether the girls remained obese or returned to normal weight at age 23.
Gortmaker’s 7-year follow-up study of 370 overweight and obese U.S. youths aged 16 to 24 years concluded that, compared with normal-weight controls, overweight and obese women were significantly less likely to be educated, married, and have lower economic incomes than controls after 7 years, and the differences between each other were The difference between them was significant, while the overweight and obese males had no significant difference after 7 years, except for the marriage rate which was lower than the control group.
Obesity on children’s economic income and social performance in adulthood, especially the impact of obese girls, the reason is one is the people of obesity discrimination, that obesity is a lack of self-control performance; Second, obesity led them because of the size, and physical disorders affect their work performance; Third, obesity reduces its own attractiveness to the opposite sex, and thus the marriage rate is lower.
Thirteen, the development of obesity in adulthood.
Child obesity is very easy to maintain and develop into adulthood obesity, young children obesity also has the tendency to maintain to the adolescent period. At least one of the parents is obese, obesity is more serious, the end of puberty is still obese children, are prone to develop into adulthood obesity.
In a cohort study, Whitakert and colleagues found that only 26% of very obese (BMI above the 95th percentile) children aged 1 to 2 years in the United States developed adult obesity, with an OR of 2 0 compared with control children; whereas about 69% of very obese children aged 6 to 9 years developed adult obesity. Compared with normal weight control children of the same age with BMI less than the 85th percentile, the OR was 18 5; 83% of very obese children aged 10-14 years became obese in adulthood, and the OR was 44 3 compared with control children of the same age;
In a 17-year follow-up study of 2,617 children aged 2 to 17 years, Freedman and colleagues found that approximately 77% of obese children remained obese in adulthood.
Assessing the persistence of childhood obesity using cohort studies can be influenced by many other confounding factors, but the current expert consensus is that approximately 40% to 70% of early adolescent obesity transforms into adult obesity. Childhood obesity into adult obesity, in addition to the influence of genetic factors, another important reason is the cause of childhood obesity of poor lifestyle habits and risk behavior is difficult to change. Adult obesity is an important risk factor for adult cardiovascular disease, children’s obesity is easy to transform into adult obesity, which poses a great danger to their future health.
Fourteen, increase the mortality rate of obese children in adulthood.
From childhood obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in adulthood, this conclusion is confirmed by many research results. Pathological studies have confirmed that atherosclerosis has started in childhood, and childhood obesity makes this vascular pathological changes start earlier and the degree of atherosclerosis is more serious, therefore, in adulthood compared with the normal weight of childhood people are more likely to occur cardiovascular disease, greatly increasing the probability of future death.
In a cohort study of 78,612 Dutch individuals, Hoffmans found that overweight and obese individuals with a BMI >25 at age 18 had higher mortality rates over the next 20 years than those who were normal weight at age 18, with statistically significant differences between them; during the 32-year total cohort study period, those with a BMI ≥26 at age 18 had higher mortality rates than those with a BMI <19. The relative risk of mortality was 195 for those with a BMI ≥26 at 18 years of age compared to those with a BMI <19.
In a 40-year follow-up study of 504 overweight and obese children, Moss berg et al. found that approximately 47% of overweight and obese children remained obese into adulthood, and that children with obesity had high morbidity and mortality in adulthood, especially in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared with normal weight controls. Obesity of children and adolescents in the long-term impact of tracking research has obvious difficulties, but in this area also need to carry out more research, in order to accurately assess and effectively calculate the obesity of children and adolescents on adult morbidity, mortality, adverse effects.
Fifteen, childhood obesity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
There are many studies confirming that childhood obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Many literature reports atherosclerosis and childhood obesity and adult obesity have significant links, obesity caused by adult cardiovascular disease is derived from the early childhood obesity. Child obesity and its related hypertension, lipid abnormalities, left ventricular function abnormalities, vascular endothelial cell function abnormalities and other cardiovascular disease risk factors group will lead to early pathological changes in the blood circulation system of children, making obese children in adulthood more likely to cardiovascular disease.
Sixteen, economic loss.
Many countries have estimated the economic loss of obesity. Estimates include not only the cost of treating obesity, but also includes the cost of treating complications such as hypertension, enuresis, cancer and cardiovascular disease caused by obesity. Conservative estimates are about 3 to 8 percent of total health care expenditures, at least as much as all cancer or AIDS.