According to the National Cancer Center and Ministry of Health data in 2013, breast cancer in China: ? Incidence rate of 54/100,000, mortality rate of 11.4/100,000 ? It is the first malignant tumor among women ? The peak incidence of breast cancer in the West is between 50-55 years old ? The peak incidence of breast cancer in China is around 45 years old.
Outline of anatomy and physiology – the composition of breast.
The breast is composed of glands, fat and fibrous tissue. The center of the breast is the nipple, surrounded by a ring-shaped areola. The breast is wrapped by the superficial pectoral fascia, which separates the breast into 15-20 radially arranged lobules, each with a corresponding milk duct opening to the nipple. Each duct is surrounded by a fibrous ligament (Cooper’s ligament) that is connected to the skin and the fascia of the pectoralis major muscle.
Outline of anatomy and physiology – composition of the breast
Physiological functions of the breast
Lactation: Lactation is the most basic physiological function of the breast. Second Sexual Characteristics: The breast is an important symbol of the second sexual characteristics of women.
Generally speaking, breast development begins 2 to 3 years before the first menstrual period.
In other words, they start to grow at the age of 10.
It is the earliest secondary sexual characteristic, a sign of the beginning of puberty in girls, and a sign of female beauty.
Participation in sexual activities: In sexual activities, the breast is the most sensitive organ of women other than the genitals.
A. The best time for breast self-examination
* Before menopause: 7-11 days after menstruation, when breasts are looser and easy to check * After menopause: easy to remember days, such as the first or last day of the month * *
Second, the scope of breast self-examination
Self-examination of the breast
Visual examination
Palpation
Self-examination of the breast
Self-examination of the breast – Visual examination
Preparation for examination
Adequate light, facing the mirror, adequate exposure of the breasts
Self-examination of the breast – visualization position
Visual examination – breast shape
Visual examination – breast skin
Inflammatory breast cancer
Visual examination – breast skin
Visual examination – breast skin
Visual examination – areola
Breast self-examination – palpation
Palpation position
Supine position
Palpation order
Left first, then right, touch the opposite breast with your hand
Palpation sequence – full coverage
Palpation technique – flat touch
Palpate with the 3 fingers of the index, middle and ring fingers
Palpation technique – light to heavy
Light pressure: Feel the changes under the skin. Heavy pressure? Sensing deep tissue changes
Palpation of sagging breasts
Lift the breast with shallow pressure, and arch the back with deep pressure.
Nipple examination
Contents of palpation
Softness and firmness, pressure pain, lump, lymph node enlargement
Common methods of breast self-examination
Self-examination in the mirror, lying down and touching
IV. Steps of breast self-examination
V. What conditions should be immediately referred to the doctor
*Breast lumps: painless, poorly defined, hard, etc. * Nipple overflow, blood: yellowish, coffee-colored, etc. * Changes in breast skin: orange peel-like changes * Changes in nipple: nipple invagination, nipple erosion * Lymph node enlargement in axilla and supraclavicular area
Sixth, what auxiliary tests can help diagnose
* Breast ultrasound: a common method of breast examination * Mammography: used for screening, early breast cancer diagnosis is of great value * Breast MRI: the diagnosis of breast cancer reaches more than 94% * Ductoscopy: nipple overflow, blood overflow * Breast pathology: a method to confirm breast cancer diagnosis
Chinese Anti-Cancer Association Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Guidelines and Standards (2013 Edition)
1.Guidelines for breast cancer screening for women in general population
20 to 39 years of age, not recommended for non-high risk groups
Breast screening.
40 to 49 years of age
(1) Suitable for opportunistic screening.
(2) 1 mammogram per year.
(3) Recommended in conjunction with clinical physical examination.
(4) Combined with ultrasound examination is recommended for dense breast.
Chinese Anti-Cancer Association Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Guidelines and Standards (2013 version)
50-69 years old
(1) Suitable for opportunistic screening and population screening.
(2) 1 mammogram every 1 to 2 years.
(3) Recommended in conjunction with clinical physical examination.
(4) Combination with ultrasound is recommended for dense breasts.
70 years of age or older
(1) Suitable for opportunistic screening.
(2) Mammography once every 2 years.
(3) Combination with clinical examination is recommended.
(4) Combination with ultrasound is recommended for dense breast.
Chinese Anti-Cancer Association Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Guidelines and Standards (2013 Edition)
5.Screening advice for high-risk groups of breast cancer
Early screening is recommended for those with high risk of breast cancer
(In addition to clinical examination, B-ultrasound and mammography, which are commonly used in the general population, screening is recommended once every six months.
In addition to clinical examination, B-ultrasound and mammogram, new imaging methods such as MRI can be used.
Chinese Anti-Cancer Association Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Guidelines and Standards (2013 Edition)
6. Definition of high-risk group for breast cancer
(1) Those with obvious genetic predisposition to breast cancer
(2) Those with previous moderate to severe ductal or lobular
atypical hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ
(3) Patients with previous history of chest radiotherapy.
How to prevent the occurrence of breast cancer
*Reasonable diet: less high-fat diet, estrogen-containing (royal jelly) *Adhere to exercise, avoid excessive obesity *Psychological factors: maintain a happy mood, avoid excessive stress *Breast examination: American Cancer Society recommends
Women over 20 years old – Monthly breast self-examination
Women between 20 and 39 years of age-go to the hospital for professional palpation once every 3 years
Women over 40 years of age – annual professional palpation and mammogram
Note: Women with high risk of breast cancer should have breast imaging once a year