Early pregnancy is the main stage of fertilized egg development, and it is also the most delicate and sensitive period for embryo and fetus. Therefore, it is important to improve relevant examinations during early pregnancy and avoid the teratogenic effects of harmful factors on the embryo to avoid birth defects. 1.What is pre-conception eugenics examination and what items does it include? Pre-pregnancy eugenics examination mainly refers to the examination of infection, trace elements, immunity, genetics and other factors for couples who plan to have a pregnancy, in order to avoid adverse effects on the mother and fetus after pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy eugenics health check-ups include: Pre-pregnancy eugenics consultation: eugenics health education, medical history inquiry, physical examination, risk assessment, counseling and guidance, early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome follow-up. Medical examination: female partner includes gynecological examination, white belt examination, mycoplasma, chlamydia, eugenics four items, trace elements, ultrasound; male partner includes semen analysis, prostate fluid routine, mycoplasma, chlamydia. Note: If you have a history of embryonic abortion, fetal malformation, birth defects or repeated spontaneous abortion, chromosomal abnormalities of the child born, you need to improve the relevant examination to prevent the recurrence of similar bad pregnancy and delivery. 2.What do I need to pay attention to before and during pregnancy? Pre-conception preparation: Couples must choose to conceive when they are physically healthy, emotionally optimal and materially well prepared, which is beneficial to the health and development of the fetus. (1) Pre-conception physical examination: Before preparing for pregnancy, you should go to the hospital for a check-up to understand the physical condition of both spouses and to consult on issues related to eugenics. If you suffer from certain hereditary diseases, infectious diseases such as AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, leprosy, mental illness and other related diseases, you should not have children. (2) Pre-conception preparation: If you have had an abortion, you should get pregnant six months after the abortion. In the six months before pregnancy, you should do the same as in early pregnancy, try to avoid viral infections, avoid exposure to rays, chemicals, poisons, etc.; and do not lose weight. (3) Pre-pregnancy nutrition: both couples pay attention to nutrition before pregnancy can improve the quality of germ cells. (4) Folic acid supplementation: proper supplementation of folic acid in the first three months of pregnancy can prevent fetal neural tube malformation and is also effective for miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation and maternal anemia. Pregnant women need O.4 mg of folic acid daily, while the general dietary intake of folic acid is only 0.05 mg. Folic acid supplements should be taken from at least one month before the planned pregnancy, and one tablet should be taken daily until the end of the third month of pregnancy. (5) Iodine, other vitamins and trace elements should be supplemented to facilitate fetal development. (6) Psychological preparation: choose a pregnancy when the family is peaceful and no major events occur at home. It is better to get pregnant after better living conditions and economic conditions. It is also important to be fully relaxed mentally, and the couple should maintain a good state of mind. (7) Husband’s preparation: Before the woman gets pregnant, the male partner is just as closely related to eugenics. Attention should be paid to less exposure to hazardous chemical substances, attention to nutrition, quitting smoking, quitting alcohol, maintaining a good and stable mood, and 3 to 4 days of effective moderate sexual life. Attention during pregnancy: (1) avoid drug abuse; (2) avoid viral infection; (3) avoid exposure to harmful substances; (4) avoid radiation; (5) avoid smoking and drinking; (6) avoid noise; (7) avoid overwork and climbing high and heavy; (8) balanced nutrition and reasonable diet. 3.What is genetic counseling? Genetic counseling is a process in which a doctor answers questions about genetics and gives scientific guidance on fertility. You can learn how to stop the continuation of genetic diseases and reduce the birth of children with genetic diseases. This will ensure the health of the offspring. Who should undergo genetic counseling? (1) Couples with primary infertility; (2) Consanguineous couples or unmarried lovers; (3) Couples with a history of unexplained habitual miscarriage, premature birth, or stillbirth; (4) Couples who have given birth to babies with incompatible maternal and child blood types; (5) Couples who have given birth to deformed children; (6) Couples with a family history of genetic diseases; (7) Couples with too much or too little amniotic fluid; (8) People with unexplained malformations; (9) People with unexplained people with low intelligence. 4.Answers to frequently asked questions (1) What is consanguineous marriage? Consanguineous marriage is a marriage between a man and a woman who are direct blood relatives or collateral blood relatives within three generations, such as cousins, cousins, uncles and nieces, aunts and nephews. (2) Why is there a high risk of genetic disease in the offspring of consanguineous marriages? Each human cell carries 46 chromosomes, 23 from the father and another 23 from the mother, with genes inherited from ancestors on the chromosomes. People who are closely related have a high chance of carrying the same harmful genes from their ancestors, and the offspring of consanguineous marriages have a higher probability of acquiring pairs of harmful genes. The closer the blood relationship, the higher the risk of genetic diseases in the offspring. (3) What are the risks of folic acid deficiency in pregnant women? Folic acid deficiency in pregnant women is a major cause of neural tube abnormalities. It can also lead to increased malformation rates in the eyes, mouth and lips, palate, gastrointestinal tract, aorta, kidneys, bones and other organs. Folic acid deficiency in pregnant women has also been found to be associated with conditions such as placental abruption, spontaneous miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, fetal dysplasia and low birth weight. Severe folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause macrocytic anemia, which affects the health of the mother and child. (4) Why should I start folic acid supplementation when I plan to get pregnant? Folic acid is a vitamin and deficiency of folic acid in pregnant women can lead to fetal malformations. Taking a small dose of folic acid every day from the time of planning pregnancy to 3 months after pregnancy can reduce the occurrence of neural tube malformation, cleft lip and palate, congenital heart disease, reduce the rate of spontaneous abortion; reduce pregnancy reaction, promote fetal growth and development, and correct maternal anemia. (5) How to supplement folic acid for pregnant women? The dose of folic acid supplementation required for pregnant women varies under different circumstances. For the prevention of fetal neural tube malformation, 0.4 mg of folic acid is required from the first 3 months to the first 3 months of pregnancy, with the maximum dose not exceeding l mg per day. An increase in the dose of folic acid under medical supervision is required in the following cases, with a daily supplement of 4 mg of folic acid during the corresponding period mentioned above a. Women who have given birth to fetuses with neural tube abnormalities; b. Women with epilepsy who are taking antiepileptic drugs; c. Women with a medical diagnosis of obesity. (6) Why do pregnant women need iron supplements? ①The need for iron increases significantly during pregnancy, about twice the usual amount needed to produce more blood for the fetus; ②After the middle of pregnancy, in addition to meeting the needs of the pregnant woman herself and the fetus for growth and development, the fetus also stores the iron taken from the mother in its own liver to ensure the needs of the fetus for growth and development in the first four months of life. Therefore, pregnant women must pay attention to iron supplementation after the 4th month of pregnancy, with a daily supplementation of 30-60 mg of iron. What are the signs of iron deficiency in pregnant women? The main manifestations are reduced hematocrit, fatigue, weakness, pale face, hair loss, and susceptibility to colds. (7) What is the effect of iodine deficiency on the fetus? ①Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can lead to preterm birth, stillbirth and increased incidence of malformation; ②Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can lead to fetal iodine deficiency and insufficient synthesis of thyroxine, which can affect brain development and make brain damage irreversible even if iodine is replenished. This can be manifested as ugly face, mental retardation, neurological and language disorders, deafness and dumbness, short stature, etc. How to prevent iodine deficiency in pregnant women? (2) Women of childbearing age in areas with severe iodine deficiency should take oral or intramuscular injections of iodized oil to supplement iodine under the guidance of a doctor; (3) Pregnant women can supplement iodine with iodine-containing multivitamins and mineral preparations on top of the above. (8) How to take vitamin supplements? We take vitamin supplements every day, but what is the most reasonable way to take vitamin supplements? Numerous studies have shown that different living environments and dietary habits can cause different vitamin deficiencies. The Chinese have one of the highest rates of folic acid deficiency in the world, while minerals such as phosphorus, copper, molybdenum and chromium are not easily deficient. Vitamins can lead to serious toxic effects if consumed in excess. For example, excessive intake of vitamin A by pregnant women can lead to fetal craniofacial malformations, cleft lip and palate, etc. Moreover, vitamin supplementation should not be all-inclusive and should follow the principle of what is lacking. (9) Why is it dangerous to contract rubella during pregnancy? Rubella is an extremely common disease for children and does not even require special treatment. However, if a pregnant woman develops rubella, especially early in pregnancy, the rubella virus can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta, resulting in a high risk of congenital malformations in the fetus. (10) How to prevent toxoplasmosis? ① Do not come into close contact with cats; ② When consuming mutton, pork, eggs and dairy products, they should be cooked or heated before consumption; ③ Wear gloves when tidying up the garden and cleaning the cat’s nest; ④ Wash your hands after washing vegetables and fruits, touching cats, soil and raw meat, and do not touch your eyes, nose and mouth with contaminated hands; ⑤ Do not keep cats at home if you are preparing to become pregnant or are already pregnant. (11) Which vaccinations are safer for pregnant women? Inactivated vaccines are safer for pregnant women. Such vaccines include hepatitis B vaccine, influenza vaccine, tetanus vaccine, rabies vaccine, etc. (12) Why should I start to quit smoking and drinking when I plan to get pregnant? (1) Smokers have difficulty getting pregnant; (2) Pregnant people who continue to smoke are prone to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, etc.; (3) Long-term alcohol consumption (liquor, beer, alcoholic beverages) makes pregnancy difficult; (4) Continued alcohol consumption after pregnancy is prone to miscarriage and fetal alcohol syndrome. That is, severe physical developmental disorders and permanent mental developmental disorders and mental retardation of the child. (13) Which diseases should be treated before pregnancy? If you are suffering from diabetes, heart disease, thyroid disease, tuberculosis, kidney disease and other important systemic diseases before pregnancy and have not yet been cured, you should be examined and treated by the relevant specialist in the district, and only after effective control or basic healing should you become pregnant.