The coronary artery is the artery that supplies blood to the myocardium, and like other arterial vessels is divided into three layers of structure: intima, mesima and epicardium, with the main trunk and major branches mostly traveling in the subepicardial fatty tissue or the deep surface of the epicardium. The normal coronary artery is soft and elastic, with a smooth intima and a smooth lumen. Many harmful factors can damage the endothelium, triggering a series of inflammatory reactions and fibrous proliferation that stiffen the arterial wall and narrow the lumen, affecting myocardial blood supply. This is called coronary atherosclerosis because the lipid deposits in the intima of coronary arteries cause “atherosclerotic” changes on the surface of the intima. Atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary heart disease) is a common disease, with a high incidence in the elderly, and is the first killer of human death. With the improvement of our living standard, the change of diet structure, the acceleration of the pace of work and life and the increase of pressure, the incidence of coronary heart disease is on the rise year by year, and the age of onset tends to be younger. Epidemiological studies have also long confirmed that hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and diabetes are the main risk factors for coronary heart disease. The primary prevention measures for coronary heart disease are to prevent the formation of atherosclerosis by controlling susceptibility factors, including reasonable diet, avoiding obesity and overweight; maintaining normal and stable blood pressure; maintaining normal blood lipids and preventing hyperlipidemia; avoiding mental tension and keeping a relaxed mood; strengthening physical exercise; and quitting smoking. Good diet and living habits can effectively prevent the occurrence of coronary heart disease. Once coronary heart disease is diagnosed, we should actively treat it. The so-called secondary prevention is to prevent angina attack and myocardial infarction on the basis of primary prevention. Avoid factors that induce coronary heart disease attack, such as full meals, heavy drinking, overwork, mental tension, emotional excitement, sudden cold stimulation, etc.; correct anemia or excessive red blood cells, avoid dehydration, infection or hypoxia, etc.; apply coronary artery-dilating drugs to prevent angina attack; apply anticoagulant drugs to ensure normal blood viscosity; catch the aura symptoms before myocardial infarction and deal with them in time. Tertiary prevention is to actively treat myocardial infarction and prevent reinfarction and complications on the basis of primary and secondary prevention. In conclusion, prevention is the primary treatment for coronary heart disease, and the main treatment methods are drug therapy, interventional therapy and coronary artery bypass surgery. Drug therapy is the most classic treatment method, and interventional therapy is to remove the occlusion or stenosis of coronary arteries and restore the coronary blood flow through peripheral arteries with devices such as balloon catheters or stents. Coronary artery bypass surgery is performed through open-heart surgery, using the saphenous vein in the leg or the internal mammary artery in the chest as a bypass graft vessel to treat coronary artery disease. Coronary artery bypass surgery should be performed for patients who cannot be relieved by medication, have frequent angina or have coronary angiography confirmed left main stem lesions or have severe three-branch lesions. Coronary artery bypass surgery is an internationally recognized treatment for its precise effect, improving quality of life and prolonging life expectancy.