Primary infantile glaucoma, generally known as congenital glaucoma, is a type of glaucoma in which the development of the atrial corners of the eye during embryonic and developmental stages is abnormal, resulting in impaired atrial aqueous drainage and increased intraocular pressure. Most of the children with the disease have the symptoms of infantile glaucoma triad (photophobia, lacrimation, and blepharospasm), eye enlargement, corneal clouding and edema, and increased intraocular pressure, which eventually leads to optic nerve atrophy and loss of visual function, and is known as “bull’s eye” or “watery eye”. It is usually detected within 1 week of age. The prevalence of primary infantile glaucoma is 0.002% to 0.0038%, accounting for 4% to 18% of childhood blindness. 65% of children with infantile glaucoma are male, and about 75% of children have the disease in both eyes at the same time, making it one of the major diseases that cause blindness in children. Genetic studies suggest that primary infantile glaucoma is a complex genetic disorder that is diagnosed and treated early because it begins in the perinatal period, with enlarged eyes, cloudy corneas and insurmountable amblyopia at birth, and has a poor outcome. However, the treatment of primary infantile glaucoma has long been difficult, mainly because of the complexity of the condition, the presence of congenital large corneas and corneal opacities in a significant number of children, and the difficulty of cooperation in the examination and treatment of children. In principle, once a diagnosis of glaucoma is made, infants and children should undergo surgery as soon as possible because of the high success rate and few complications. Short-term medication is necessary, but it is difficult to keep IOP within normal limits in the long term, and the side effects of long-term medication in infants and children need to be further studied. Currently, the treatment of primary infantile glaucoma is still based on surgery, which varies depending on the clinical presentation of the child and the degree of corneal clouding. When the cornea is brighter, the corneal diameter is less than 13 mm, and the atrial angle can be clearly distinguished, the first surgery is mostly performed by atrial angle dissection, while for patients with corneal clouding and corneal diameter greater than 13 mm, the atrial angle is difficult to be clearly distinguished, and external trabeculotomy can be chosen. Our traditional trabeculectomy has become one of the most widely used surgical methods because of its relatively simple surgical approach and rapid hypotensive effect, especially with the improvement of trabeculectomy along with the application of mitomycin C, the success rate of the operation has been improved. Due to the young age of the child at the onset of the disease, he cannot express his physical and mental feelings. The symptoms of the disease can only be detected by caregivers such as the mother of the child, and most caregivers have a low level of understanding of glaucoma, so most children are not treated in a timely manner, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Therefore, caregivers should seek medical attention as soon as they notice the above symptoms and take measures to improve the prognosis and quality of life of the child to a large extent.