Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted through blood and body fluids and has a chronic carriage status, with diverse clinical manifestations, including acute, chronic, bruising and severe hepatitis B. It can easily develop into chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis, and a few cases can be transformed into primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The disease is widely prevalent in China, there are currently 30 million hepatitis B patients in China, the population infection rate of 60%, HBsAg positive rate of about 10-15% is currently the most serious infectious diseases endangering people’s health.
First, it is necessary to explain the two concepts: hepatitis B (hepatitis B type B) and hepatitis B virus infection
Hepatitis B virus infection: is usually we say the two pairs of half of HBsAg, HBeAg, HBeAb, anti-Hbc positive, and HBsAb (antibody) negative. Hepatitis B is the so-called hepatitis B virus infection that causes inflammatory reaction in the liver and liver function damage.
Hepatitis B (type B hepatitis B): to use an analogy the hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is like a person who runs into your house, doesn’t take anything, doesn’t eat or drink, just occupies your territory, and the only effect is to affect your vision. Hepatitis B, on the other hand, is when this person starts smashing your stuff, which means destroying your liver cells and affecting your liver function. This is curable. So if you just have hepatitis B virus infection and no problems with liver function, just ignore it, drink less alcohol and try to use less drugs that damage liver function, etc. and have your liver function checked regularly. Do early detection and treatment.
HBV itself has no obvious damage to the liver, mainly through the body’s immune response to cause liver cell damage, HBV infection of the body can stimulate the body to produce a series of antibodies and cellular immune response, if the body’s immune response is normal, can clear the infected virus and heal; immune response is not enough to clear the virus, the virus can persist and become chronic hepatitis B.
Second, what are the clinical manifestations of hepatitis B?
1, unveil the “stomach disease” veil
Some hepatitis B patients do not realize that they have hepatitis B at the beginning of the disease, but only feel bad appetite, bloating, and eating badly. The gastrointestinal disease is treated for a long time, and many drugs are not good, before the determination to do gastroscopy to check, gastroscopy before the general need for routine blood tests liver function, only to find that poor appetite is not the fault of the stomach. This shows that poor appetite and poor digestion are still very common in hepatitis B. Seriously, there can be anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Especially jaundiced hepatitis B patients perform more seriously. Therefore, patients with long-term stomach problems must have their liver function checked so as not to delay their condition. Do not forget that the liver is supposed to be the largest digestive organ of the body.
2, “yellow yellow” can not end of the day
If a person’s eyes are yellow, nine out of ten people found around will associate him with hepatitis B, even if they do not have discomfort, family and friends will force him to go to the hospital, it can be called “yellow yellow” can not end the day, which is a certain amount of truth. The phenomenon of yellowing of the white eyes and skin is called jaundice. Jaundice is the most easily detected manifestation of hepatitis B. When jaundice is formed, the skin and mucous membranes appear yellow, and the most obvious is the yellowing of the whites of the eyes (white eyeballs), which is sometimes not obvious in the light, but easily recognizable in the sunlight outdoors. To confirm the diagnosis, the blood and urine should be tested for elevated levels of bilirubin.
Sometimes the degree of jaundice has a certain relationship with liver disease, so the first thing to think about when jaundice appears is whether there is a problem with the liver, so go to the hospital as soon as possible.
3, fatigue and weakness
Fatigue and weakness is one of the early manifestations of hepatitis B patients. It varies from patient to patient, from inactive to bedridden, even washing and eating. The fatigue cannot be eliminated even after sufficient rest, and in severe cases, it seems as if the limbs are separated from the body. The reason for this is mainly because the patient’s appetite and digestion and absorption disorders, resulting in insufficient energy intake; secondly, due to the destruction of liver cells, so that the liver manufacturing and storage of glycogen is reduced; and glycogen is the main source of energy for the body to carry out various activities. In addition, the lack of vitamins, electrolyte disorders and liver cell destruction cause a decrease in blood cholinesterase, which affects the normal function of nerves and muscles, resulting in indescribable general weakness.
4.Fever
Acute jaundiced hepatitis B often has fever in the early stage, mostly at 37.5-38.5 ℃, high fever is rare and usually lasts 3-5 days, while the fever in non-jaundiced hepatitis B is much lower than that in jaundiced hepatitis B. Many patients have fever accompanied by malaise and loss of appetite, similar to the flu, so they often go to the doctor mistakenly thinking they have the flu. The fever may be caused by liver cell necrosis, liver dysfunction, reduced detoxification and excretion function or viraemia.
5. Pain in the liver area
Patients with hepatitis B often report pain in the liver area. The liver is located in the right upper abdomen (liver area) and cannot be felt under the rib cage. When the liver is diseased, the liver swells and even exceeds the lower edge of the right rib cage. Patients may feel a pain like pins and needles in the liver area, or a sinking something hanging there, sometimes or not, often tolerable, obvious when angry, tired and active, relieved by bed rest, but intensified when lying on the right side.
Three, the transmission of hepatitis B
1, mother-to-child transmission The most important cause of hepatitis B virus transmission in China. Mothers with acute hepatitis B and those carrying HBsAg are likely to transmit hepatitis B to their newborns. The nature of this transmission is via the blood route.
2. Transmission by the blood route. This includes the importation of blood and blood products containing hepatitis B virus, unclean injections, surgery, tooth extraction, tattoos, acupuncture, ear piercing, endoscopy and accidental stabbing by medical personnel.
3.Medical transmission. It is mainly caused by the use of non-disposable syringes and endoscopes that are not strictly sterilized. Therefore, disposable medical instruments should be vigorously implemented.
4.Sexual transmission. The HBsAg positivity rate of sexual transmission is 5.44%, while the HBsAg positivity rate of general contact transmission in social life is only 0.68%, sexual promiscuity is an important cause of sexual transmission of hepatitis B.
5, the general contact transmission in daily life. This situation mainly refers to living contact with the exchange of bodily fluids, such as sharing razors, toothbrushes and other hygiene products, the transmission between family members is more common. In addition, about 40 percent of chronically infected people saliva contains the virus, so saliva may also cause transmission.
What are the dangers of hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is widespread and highly contagious. Once a person is infected with the disease, inflammatory lesions will occur in the liver and liver cells will be damaged, causing great harm to the human body.
First, hepatitis B is highly contagious. Hepatitis B virus is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus, this virus is different from the general pathogenic bacteria, it has a layer of hard outer nucleus, this outer nucleus has a protective effect on the virus itself, it can survive in an acidic or alkaline environment, vitality is extremely tenacious, at room temperature can survive six months, 20 degrees at 15 years.
Second, hepatitis B is incurable. Nowadays, there are many drugs in the hepatitis drug market, but there are very few effective drugs that really cure liver disease, and the treatment of liver disease must be under the guidance of a doctor to properly use the drugs and standardize treatment.
Third, hepatitis B has a malignant nature. Statistics prove that: 31.6%-60.1% of hepatitis B virus carriers will be transformed into chronic hepatitis if not treated in time, 20.8%-56.3% of chronic hepatitis patients will deteriorate into cirrhosis, liver ascites, 16.5%-51.1% of cirrhosis patients will become cancerous, liver cancer is equal to the edge of life.
Fourth, hepatitis B has a certain degree of family aggregation. After investigating many patients with liver disease, we found a common problem, the probability of getting the disease in families with a history of hepatitis B is 25.2% more than in ordinary families. 22-50% of young children with hepatitis B in China are infected with vertical transmission from mother to fetus through the placenta or birth canal, which has become a worldwide problem in overcoming hepatitis.
Fifth, hepatitis B has a certain degree of suddenness. When the hepatitis virus invades the body, has a certain incubation period, when the external conditions are ripe, can suddenly break out, and has an unstoppable.
Sixth, is to affect normal life. If a person is infected with hepatitis B virus, it not only seriously affects the physical and mental health of the patient, interferes with normal life, affects further education, employment, military recruitment, marriage, and brings a heavy economic burden to the family.
V. What are the main indicators that should be checked for the diagnosis of hepatitis B?
(A) Most hospitals carry out the test items
At present, most hospitals in China carry out the following serological tests for hepatitis B: hepatitis B triplet (also known as hepatitis B two-and-a-half); pre-S2 antigen/antibody; HBV DNA; ④ DNA-P. The above indicators are described in detail as follows.
(1) Hepatitis B tri-series (commonly known as the two-and-a-half pair of hepatitis B), which includes HBsAg/HBs, HBeAg anti-HBe,HBc, is the most commonly used virological index of hepatitis B.
(2) Pre-S2 antigen/antibody: Pre-S antigen may bind to hepatocytes through a small amount of polymeric albumin present in human blood, and human invade hepatocytes. Clinical data confirm that pre-S2 titers increase when HBV is actively replicating, and vice versa with low titers or negatives. In acute hepatitis B, if pre-S2 disappears early and anti-pre-S2 appears early, most patients are cured, but the opposite suggests the possibility of chronicity.
(3) HBV DNA: It is the genetic material of HBV. It is detected by molecular hybridization in hepatocytes and in serum respectively. If only integrated HBV DNA is detected in the liver, but no free HBV DNA in the serum and hepatocytes, it means that there is no HBV proliferation in the liver. Because of the high sensitivity of the detection method, it is currently better than the detection of DNA-P and HBeAg as an indicator of HBV proliferation and replication.
(4) DNA-P: It was first detected by Kaplan in 1973, and as mentioned before it is located within the core of HBV. Since DNA-P is directly involved in HBV replication, it is considered a direct marker of HBV replication along with HBV DNA. Because DNA-P detection method is more complex, and less sensitive than HBV DNA, so if only to reflect the viral replication and the strength of the infectiousness of the body, it is not necessary to choose the determination of DNA-P.
(5) ALT (GPT) test The above describes the situation of hepatitis B virological indicators, but these virological indicators alone are not diagnostic of hepatitis B, must be accompanied by elevated serum aminotransferases, or previous aminotransferase abnormalities, otherwise it can only be called “asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers”. The serum aminotransferase test, with ALT (GPT) being the most commonly used and sensitive, is useful for the diagnosis of early acute hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis and for the evaluation of the disease, and is also valuable for the detection of mild, latent infection and latent hepatitis cases.
(B) Anhui liver disease hospital recommended: gene amplification test, accurate detection of the virus
The use of gene amplification technology (PCR) polymerase chain reaction, can be very small amounts of target DNA specifically amplified millions of times, thus greatly improving the analysis and detection of hepatitis B DNA molecules, can detect a single molecule of DNA or for every 100,000 cells containing only one target DNA molecules of the kind of PCR sensitivity, specificity, monitoring speed, high detection rate of trace hepatitis B virus.
Sixth, the treatment method of hepatitis B (the latest therapy)
”Immunopeptide therapy” to overcome hepatitis B? –Opening a new era of human treatment for hepatitis B!
”Immunopeptide therapy” for hepatitis B is the highest achievement in the treatment of hepatitis B in the current medical field, which breaks the traditional drug mode and is a new era of human conquering liver disease (hepatitis B) into immune cell therapy. Its birth marks a breakthrough in the treatment of liver disease in China and has made a great contribution to human health. The key technology has been awarded the 9th Gold Medal of Patent Invention and Eureka International Gold Medal in China.
1.Principle of “Immunopeptide Therapy”: “Immunopeptide Therapy” is also called cell therapy technology in biological immunotherapy. With the high specificity of immune system-oriented treatment, it can realize the real personalized treatment by adopting different methods for different cases according to the type of virus infection of hepatitis B patients themselves. This technology is currently recognized as the most promising high-tech biological treatment technology for application, mainly based on cellular and molecular immunology, as well as the principle of meridian points for personalized alternating point treatment. And regularly select alloactive acupuncture points according to pathological characteristics, using high-tech peptide technology to enter the acupuncture points of the special effects, adjust human activity, induce the production of a large number of specific lymphocytes (CTL) with immunocidal effect on the hepatitis B virus, precise, specific targeting, active attack on HBV, interference with virus synthesis, kill HBV virus in the body, and repair liver cells. At the same time, this technology can effectively block and reverse the process of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which is a safety belt for chronic hepatitis B patients.
2, “immune peptide therapy” characteristics: immune peptide therapy technology can not only destroy hepatitis B virus, and there are no toxic side effects, and there is no drug resistance and virus mutation. It can be applied to a wide range of people, and the curative effect is exact.
(1)Targeted killing of virus: only targeted to destroy the virus or infected abnormal cells, with targeted effect of immunocidal response, non-toxic and harmless to normal cells.
(2) Generating long-term memory: Since the specific antigen is in full contact with immune cells with memory function, the immune system has precise and long-lasting immune memory, providing long-term protection against recurrence or reinfection.
(3) Discovery of mutated viruses: The high-throughput HBV gene mutation detection system is one of the most advanced and comprehensive hepatitis B detection technologies in the world. The test finds out what kind of virus is infected, whether the virus has mutated, specifically which region in C, P, S and X has mutated, and treats according to the characteristics of different regions and mutations to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.
(4) Temporal efficacy measurement and control: Through the visualization of HBV biochip efficacy temporal assessment system, the treatment of hepatitis B is scientifically detected and controlled and assessed in a real-time, dynamic and quantitative manner. It has surpassed the traditional ELISA and other methods, which are accurate and reliable. At present, this technology is the first of its kind in the world and has been awarded the gold medal of national patent and recognized by 47 countries in the world.
(5) Individualized treatment plan: for the patient’s type of virus infection, treat their own condition with their own cells, a truly personalized diagnosis and treatment.
(6) Safe and non-invasive treatment: Since the cells transfused in the treatment are activated autologous cells, there will be no rejection reaction, which is very safe, and there is no side effect of re-injury to liver cells, which is very safe.
(7) Wide range of adaptable population: Patients with chronic hepatitis B who are generally 16-65 years old, weighing ≥30Kg, with positive serum HBsAg, TBIL ≤1. 5 times ULN and ALT ≤400u/L before treatment can receive treatment.
The recovery of tens of thousands of hepatitis B patients proves that “Immunopeptide Therapy” has successfully solved the medical problems such as hepatitis B virus is easy to mutate and resistant to drugs, the virus replication template is difficult to overcome, and the human immune tolerance state is not easy to break. It is a scientific and green characteristic therapy, which is a great contribution to human health and brings hope for recovery and life to the huge hepatitis B population.
Daily health care for hepatitis B
For most hepatitis B patients, on the one hand, they need to keep in touch with the progress of the disease, and on the other hand, they need to pay attention to diet and living, and the combination of nutrition and treatment can achieve twice the result with half the effort. The following is a detailed description of what to look for in terms of diet, which will hopefully provide some help for all patients.
There is enough protein: protein is one of the most important nutrients to maintain human life activities, adults eat at least 40 grams of protein a day to reach the minimum physiological needs, the general daily protein requirements of normal people is 70 grams. Hepatitis B patients should eat more, to 100 grams per day is better. This is because protein can maintain human tissue growth, renewal and repair, and necrotic liver cells are in need of protein to repair and renew.
Sugar, fat and vitamins should be in moderation: If the staple food of hepatitis B patients is mainly cereals (containing starch and polysaccharides), there is no need to eat more refined sugar. In addition, fat intake should not be too high. Vegetables and fruits should be consumed in moderation, they can provide the body with sufficient vitamins and fiber.
The amount of food should be appropriate: Hepatitis B patients have relatively weak digestive function, overeating often leads to indigestion, increasing the burden on the liver. Therefore, it is appropriate to eat to 80% full. Overeating is not good for the liver and gastrointestinal function.
Supplementation of trace elements: Hepatitis B patients often lack trace elements such as zinc, manganese, selenium, etc. Some patients also lack calcium, phosphorus and iron. Therefore, it is advisable to supplement foods rich in minerals, such as shiitake mushrooms, sesame seeds, dates, wolfberries, etc.
Foods not suitable for liver disease patients: canned foods, fried and deep-fried foods, instant noodles and sausages, etc., should not be eaten by hepatitis patients. Because, the preservatives in canned food, food coloring, etc. will increase the burden of liver metabolism and detoxification function. Deep-fried and fried foods are high-fat foods, which are not easily digested and absorbed.