Heart valve disease is a common heart disease in China, among which valve damage due to rheumatic fever is better and more common. As the population ages, age-related valve disease and valve lesions caused by coronary heart disease and post-myocardial infarction are becoming more common. To understand heart valve disease, let’s start with the structure of the heart. The human heart is divided into four chambers: the left atrium, the left ventricle, the right atrium and the right ventricle, with two atria connected to two ventricles and two ventricles connected to two large arteries. The heart valves grow between the atria and the ventricles, and between the ventricles and the aorta, and act as one-way valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow and play an important role in ensuring the normal function of the heart. The four valves in the human body are called the mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary valves. Heart valve disease is a single or multivalve lesion of the mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary valves due to rheumatic fever, mucus degeneration, degenerative changes, congenital malformations, ischemic necrosis, infection or trauma, which affects the normal flow of blood, thus causing abnormal heart function and, better yet, eventually leading to heart failure. The major causes of heart valve disease include rheumatic fever, mucus degeneration, degenerative changes, congenital malformations, ischemic necrosis, infection, and trauma. It can cause a single valvular lesion or multiple valvular lesions. The type of valve lesion is usually stenosis or insufficiency. Once stenosis and or insufficiency are present, they can prevent normal blood flow and increase the burden on the heart, which can lead to impairment of heart function and heart failure. Heart valve disease has a chronic course and may be asymptomatic in the early stages of valve disease, with clinical symptoms occurring when arrhythmias, heart failure, or thromboembolic events occur. Patients often present with post-activity panic, shortness of breath, fatigue and lethargy, markedly reduced activity tolerance, dyspnea with minimal exercise (i.e., exertional dyspnea), and in severe cases, paroxysmal dyspnea at night or even inability to rest. Heart valve disease can also occur acutely due to acute ischemic necrosis, acute infective endocarditis, etc., and exhibit symptoms of acute heart failure such as acute pulmonary edema. Some patients, especially those with mitral stenosis, may present with hemoptysis, with blood in the sputum in mild cases or a large amount of fresh blood at once in severe cases, and may cough up large amounts of pink foamy sputum in acute left heart failure. In addition, prolonged pulmonary stasis can lead to frequent bronchitis, especially in winter. Certain patients, especially those with aortic stenosis, may experience dizziness, blackouts, or even syncope after activity. Symptoms of precordial discomfort or angina pectoris may also occur. Patients with heart valve disease can find heart murmurs characteristic of heart enlargement, valve stenosis or incomplete closure during physical examination, such as apical diastolic rumbling murmur in mitral stenosis, apical systolic blowing murmur in mitral valve incomplete closure, diastolic ha-air murmur between the 3rd and 4th ribs at the left edge of the sternum in aortic valve incomplete closure, and systolic blowing murmur between the 2nd ribs at the right edge of the sternum in aortic stenosis. In acute heart failure, there may be a wet snail woven in the lungs.