It refers to valve lesions caused by heart valves suffering from rheumatic activity, bacterial infection, degenerative disease, trauma or congenital malformation, etc., which can form valves with severe incomplete closure or stenosis, losing the function of one-way valves, thus affecting the normal blood discharge of the heart and leading to cardiac insufficiency. Patients may experience palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness, dizziness, cough, chest pain, and heart murmurs. Normal valves Mitral stenosis Mitral valve insufficiency Types of valve surgery include valvuloplasty and valve replacement. Valvuloplasty refers to the repair of a diseased valve through certain surgical techniques to basically restore the valve’s original valve function; valve replacement refers to artificial heart valve replacement surgery where the valve cannot be repaired and must be performed.