Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori or Helicobacter pylori. It is a Gram-negative, microaerobic bacterium that lives in all areas of the stomach and duodenum. It causes mild chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and can lead to gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer. It is a unipolar, multi-flagellated, bluntly rounded, spirally curved bacterium. It is 2.5-4.0μm long and 0.5-1.0μm wide. h. pylori is a microaerobic bacterium, requiring 5-8% ambient oxygen, and cannot grow in atmospheric or absolutely anaerobic environments. The route of transmission of H. pylori is unknown, but individuals are usually infected at a young age.
Route of infection
Under normal conditions, the stomach lining has a well-established series of self-protection mechanisms. H. pylori is able to defend itself against hundreds of microorganisms that enter through the mouth. Since the discovery of H. pylori on the epithelial cell surface of the gastric mucosa, it has been recognized that H. pylori is almost the only culprit capable of breaching this natural barrier.
The most current studies on the route of infection of H. pylori can be attributed to this doctrine. The main ones include.
1. the factors that allow H. pylori to penetrate the mucus layer and settle on the surface of the gastric epithelial cells.
2. toxin factors that play a destructive role on gastric epithelial cells, etc.
3, various inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators.
4, immune response substances, etc.
These factors constitute the basic pathological changes in the pathway of H. pylori infection, i.e. various types of acute and chronic gastritis.
Symptoms of infection
1, the symptoms of H. pylori infection are mainly acid reflux, heartburn, as well as stomach pain and bad breath. This is mainly due to H. pylori induced gastrin secretion madness, and the occurrence of acid heartburn, and patients with gastric ulcer disease, H. pylori is caused by the main symptom of stomach pain, halitosis is one of the most direct germs is H. pylori.
2, Helicobacter pylori can cause chronic gastritis. The main clinical manifestations occur: upper abdominal discomfort, vague pain, sometimes belching, acid reflux, nausea, vomiting symptoms, the course of the disease is relatively slow, but easy to recur.
3, patients infected with H. pylori produce a variety of pathogenic factors, thus causing damage to the gastric mucosa, the occurrence of clinical disease showing diversity, and patients will mostly appear acid reflux, belching, feeling of fullness, etc., are patients infected with H. pylori than patients without H. pylori infection most times.
4, H. pylori infection is generally sometimes no particularly obvious symptoms, this is generally through the examination to determine the presence of H. pylori infection, H. pylori this pathogenic bacteria, it is easy to induce the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases. What are the symptoms of H. pylori manifestations are these.
Treatment
Treatment options for positive H. pylori include two main categories, which are basically commonly used drugs.
One category of H. pylori is a bismuth-based regimen, such as proton pump inhibitors. The other category is the new microbiological program of Weishuyuan compound probiotics, plus two antimicrobials, the most commonly used is amoxicillin, and then metronidazole, the program we often use is these three programs.
Test method
Cassette breath test
Since the successful isolation and culture of biopsy specimens taken by gastroscopy in 1983, many methods have been developed for the diagnosis of Hp infection, including bacteriology, pathology, serology, isotope tracing, and molecular biology. However, in general, from the point of view of specimen collection, they can be divided into two categories: invasive and non-invasive.
Invasive methods
The main method refers to the method of taking biopsy specimens for examination by gastroscopy, which is currently the routine method in gastroenterology. It includes bacterial isolation and culture and direct smear, rapid urease test, and drug sensitivity test.
Non-invasive methods
It mainly refers to the methods of diagnosing Hp specimen infection without taking biopsy specimens through gastroscopy. This category of methods includes two major categories of serology and isotope tracing.