Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is a pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, which was very rare around the 1970s. In recent years, the incidence has increased significantly and has gradually become a widespread concern. Mycoplasma is a microorganism between bacteria and viruses, and can be divided into four main categories according to the object of infection. There are five main species that are more clearly infecting people, of which Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common mycoplasma in children. The pathogen is widespread around the world, mainly through respiratory transmission, and can develop throughout the year, with autumn and winter being the most common, and can be disseminated or small epidemics. In China, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the main pathogen of pneumonia in children over 5 years of age, and during epidemics, the infection rate even exceeds that of bacteria and viruses. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted by droplets, so it is highly likely to cause small epidemics in densely populated places such as schools and kindergartens. Mycoplasma pneumoniae often infects the respiratory tract, causing inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, trachea and lungs, manifesting itself as a common cold, tonsillitis, tracheitis or bronchitis, or even pneumonia, which is often different from bacterial pneumonia, manifesting itself initially as frequent irritating bouts of cough, without sputum or coughing up small amounts of white mucus-like sputum, especially at night, with normal body temperature or fever of varying degrees. In addition to pharyngeal congestion and coarse breath sounds in the lungs, most of the physical examinations do not show any obvious signs of pneumonia. Hypoxic symptoms are not obvious, but chest radiographs often reveal very severe pulmonary inflammation, mostly cloudy exudative shadows, normal or mildly elevated total leukocyte and neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood, and final confirmation of the diagnosis relies on the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae specific antibodies and antigens in the serum. However, it should be reminded that because of the atypical clinical presentation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, most children are in good general condition and are often overlooked as a common cold or cough, which can often be delayed if not treated promptly. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is very mobile and may cause damage to multiple organs throughout the body, such as pleura, meninges, joints, heart, liver and kidneys, in addition to respiratory tract inflammation. Therefore, some children with cough and fever along with chest tightness, chest pain, headache, arthralgia, premature beats, hematuria, and enlarged liver may be due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection as confirmed by examination. In recent years, many scholars at home and abroad also found that Mycoplasma pneumoniae has a close relationship with the development of asthma, repeated infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause wheezing episodes, and a few allergic children even wheeze out of the first infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Because Mycoplasma pneumoniae is not only a pathogen but also an allergen, it can cause type I hypersensitivity reactions after invading the respiratory tract, mainly manifesting as chronic allergic inflammation of the airways and increased airway reactivity. Researchers have found that Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections tend to occur in children with allergies and poor resistance, especially in children with asthma, and that asthma symptoms are exacerbated by infection with this pathogen, and that recurrent attacks are not easily controlled. Thus, it is very important to treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections thoroughly. Because Mycoplasma pneumoniae does not have a cell wall, common antibiotics such as penicillin and vincristine are ineffective and need to be treated with macrolide antibiotics, the more commonly used of which are erythromycin and azithromycin, and the dose and course of treatment must be adequate. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection needs to be cleared of pathogens, otherwise it can have more troublesome consequences. When a child has Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, as a parent, what other issues should I pay attention to in terms of care? First, we must closely observe the changes in the condition, pay attention to the child’s cough, temperature, such as the temperature does not exceed 38.5 ℃ (anal table minus 0.5 points) generally do not advocate the use of antipyretic drugs. In addition, observe whether the child has extra-pulmonary manifestations such as headache, excitement, chest tightness, arthralgia and loss of appetite. Pay attention to drinking more water and eating a semi-liquid, soft food that is easy to digest; avoid eating sugary, salty, irritating and cold food; pay attention to the cleanliness and ventilation of the sick room.